Epidemiological Studies: Relation Between Water Hardness and Health (Special Reference to Cardiovascular Diseases)

Abstract

Numerous epidemiologists have conducted many studies to study the relation between the water hardness content and cardiovascular diseases. The amount of hard water a population can intake and the effect of the same on the mortality was studied. Community studies revealed the increase and decrease in the mortality of the population when they are subjected to hard water. The inverse (beneficial) effect of hard water was also studied during the same. Many epidemiological surveys and researches revealed that human exposure to excessive hardness and many hazardous effects of the same are also prevalent in the populations. This paper has summarised and reviewed the literature of many scientific groups and community surveys.

Keywords: Water hardness, cardiovascular disease, calcium, magnesium

Cite this Article

Shafiee MN. Epidemiological Studies: Relation between Water Hardness and Health (Special reference to Cardiovascular Diseases). Research & Reviews: A Journal of Life Sciences. 2018; 8(2): 6–10p