Journal of Modern Chemistry & Chemical Technology
Journal of Modern Chemistry & Chemical Technology (JoMCCT) ISSN: 2229-6999 Click here for the complete Editorial Board Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF): 6.069, ICV: 62.55 AIM AND SCOPE Journal of Modern Chemistry & Chemical Technology: is a journal focused on the rapid publication of fundamental research papers in all areas of Chemistry, Modern Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Chemical Technology which are covered under the domain of Chemical Engineering. It's a triannual journal, started in 2010. Journal DOI no: 10.37591/JoMCCT Focus and Scope Cover Structural analysis, Thermodynamics, and Thermo-science Organometallic chemistry and surface chemistry Finite Element Analysis Chromatographic Studies Oxidation-reduction Reactions Organometallic Chemistry Macrocyclic systems, Metalloporphyrins Biochemical Engineering Biophysical Chemistry Natural products, Biological and Medicinal Chemistry Physical Chemistry Inorganic and Co-ordination Chemistry Electrochemistry Biochemistry Readership: Graduate, Postgraduate, Research Scholar, Faculties, Institutions. Indexing: The Journal is indexed in <span data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"CAS, Google Scholar, Cite Factor, Journal TOC, DRJI, Advanced Science Index"}" data-sheets-userformat="{"2":11133,"3":{"1":0},"5":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":{"1":2,"2":0}},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"6":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":{"1":2,"2":0}},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"7":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":{"1":2,"2":0}},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"8":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":{"1":2,"2":0}},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"9":1,"11":4,"12":0,"14":{"1":2,"2":0},"16":12}">CAS, Google Scholar, Cite Factor, Journal TOC, DRJI, Advanced Science Index, and Index Copernicus (ICV: 62.55) Submission of Paper: All contributions to the journal are rigorously refereed and are selected on the basis of quality and originality of the work. The journal publishes the most significant new research papers or any other original contribution in the form of reviews and reports on new concepts in all areas pertaining to its scope and research being done in the world, thus ensuring its scientific priority and significance. Manuscripts are invited from academicians, students, research scholars, and faculties for publication consideration. Papers are accepted for editorial consideration through email at chemical@stmjournals.com Subject: Modern Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Chemical Technology Plagiarism: All the articles will be checked through Plagiarism Software before publication. Abbreviation: JoMCCT Frequency: Three issues per year Peer Reviewed Policy Editorial Board Instructions to Authors
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Synthesis And Spectral Of Some Biologically Active Chromium (III) Complexes With Macrocyclic Ligands
A large number of modern techniques have been developed for the synthesis of macrocyclic complexes. Forty chromium complexes of the type [CrX2.L1-20]X; (Where X=Cl or NO3; L=macrocyclic ligands) derived from condensation of 2,3-butanedione or 1, 2-diphenyl-ethane 1,2-dione (2mmol) with different aliphatic diamines (2mmol) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductivity, electronic spectra, IR spectra, magnetic moment and X-ray photoelectron data (i.e. XPS data). An octahedral geometry is also proposed for each complex.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Modern Chemistry & Chemical Technology
Impact Of Pesticides On Human Body Due To Soybean Farming In The State Of Madhya Pradesh
Worldwide, agricultural areas, including the Sehore district of Madhya Pradesh, India, are growing concerned about pesticide pollution. This research aims to determine the extent and effect of pesticide pollution around the region&#39;s soybean Farming. In the Sehore district, soybean is an important agricultural product and a revenue generator for the Government. Pesticides are used extensively to control pests and illnesses which could harm the soybean farm. The study used various of methods to determine the presence and quantity of pesticides in the agricultural environment, including field surveys, the collecting of water and soil samples, laboratory analysis, and statistical modeling. The study further looked at potential places of contamination and their impacts on soil health, water bodies, and human health. Initial research shows that soybean agricultural operations frequently use pesticides, such as herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides. In other instances, food products were also found to have these pesticide residues. This contamination puts human health and the ecological balance at risk. The study highlights several risk factors that contribute to pesticide contamination, such as improper handling and application procedures, a need for more information among farmers regarding appropriate dosage and time, and a lack of awareness of safer substitutes. The results also highlight the importance of adopting integrated pest control and sustainable agriculture methods to reduce the adverse consequences of pesticides on the environment and human health. In conclusion, this study reflects the most critical problem of pesticide pollution brought on by soybean cultivation throughout area Sehore in Madhya Pradesh, India. The study emphasized the need for immediate action to implement entire methods, including regulatory bodies interventions, encouragement of sustainable farming practices, and training and education initiatives to reduce pesticide-related environmental concerns while preserving the area&#39;s ecological integrity.
Synthesis, Crystal Growth, Structure and Characterizaton of Rubidium Mercury Thiocyanate Crystal
Single crystals of manganesemercurythiocyanate (MMTC) and rubidium mercury thiocyanate (RMTC) were grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. The single crystal X-ray diffraction states that the system of RMTC is monoclinic with different cell parameter values than MMTC. The grown RMTC have high NLO efficiency with green emission. The Fourier Transform Infra Red analysis says about the functional group present in the synthesized crystal. The surface morphology and presence of rubidium was confirmed by SEM-EDS. The thermal analysis shows that the crystal posses high temperature withstanding capacity giving its application in laser technology. The optical study was carried out and found that the transmittance is highly suitable for opto-electronic applications and band gap energy was calculated.
Evaluating the Influence of Catalyst and Temperature Effectiveness Factor on Reactor Performance for Direct Synthesis of Dimethyl Carbonate using Carbon Dioxide and Methanol
In this research, the effectiveness of a packed bed reactor employing a nanorod ceria catalyst for the direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) from methanol and carbon dioxide (CO2) is assessed. In order to combat the growing CO2 levels, this study converted the greenhouse gas into dimethyl carbonate, a feedstock for green chemicals. In order to estimate the fractional conversion of methanol and DMC yield under different operating parameters, including reactor height, pressure, temperature, CO2 to methanol feed ratio, total catalyst active sites, and catalyst effectiveness factor, this research built a comprehensive mathematical model. Using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta numerical method—which was included in the computational software tool offered by MathWorks—the performance equations were solved. The outcome indicated a maximum DMC output and methanol conversion of 74% and 93.18%, respectively.
An Overview of Blends Based on Thermoplastic Starch
In recent years, research has concentrated on biodegradable substances to replace petroleum- based polymers for use in food packaging. Biopolymers are seen to be the most promising material for this purpose due to their biodegradable nature and long shelf life characteristics like resistance to chemical or enzymatic processes. Starch is a biopolymer that is cheap, sustainable, and eco-friendly and could be a feasible method for making biocomposites. The production and use of starch in the packaging sector is constrained by the low mechanical and tensile strength of starch-based films. The hydrogen bonds and intermolecular forces in starch, however, prevent it from being converted into a thermoplastic polymer. Different plasticizers are utilized to create thermoplastic starches (TPSs), a deformable thermoplastic polymer, in order to solve this problem. Under the degradation temperature, a plasticizer improves the flexibility and process stability of starch. Plasticizer lowers the glass transition temperature (T g ).Thermoplastic starch, a derivative of starch, is thought to be a good contender to take the place of synthetic polymers used in packaging. TPS is one of the most promising biobased materials currently being used to make biodegradable plastic. TPS has shortcomings, including its hygroscopic nature, low gas permeability, and insufficient water barrier properties. The focus of this study is on a few biopolymer-related topics and prospective packaging uses for thermoplastics with starch bases. Biopolymer composites that have been blended with other materials currently display a number of improved properties. However, it should be emphasized that depending on the particular biopolymer, the degree of compatibility between starch and other biopolymers varies significantly. Biopolymers have created a distinctive impression, which will continue to 2 stimulate the development of novel substances for many years to come, despite the fact that their efficacy has not yet reached the level of their counterparts made of fossil fuels.
Fluorine Adsorbents in Water. A Compilation
Fluorine constitutes 0.08% of the earth crust. This chemical element is found in the air, soil, rock, and water. Fluoride finds industrial application in the production of ceramics, pesticides, aerosol propellants, and refrigerants. Within the field of medicine, fluorides have been employed for several decades in the prevention of dental cavities. Scientific evidence affirms that fluoride is often harmful to health. Water is a very important vector of fluoride, which is why the interaction of people with the referred xenobiotic is favored. Vigilance is required in guarding against the impacts of fluoride. Techniques for the removal of this substance from water bodies of sanitary interest have been established. Low cost and maximum efficiency materials and equipment are sought to reduce the risk of contact to its minimum. The erosion and overexploitation of water bodies, both underground and surface, cause an increase in their concentration of xenobiotics. This phenomenon should compel us to prevent the known disturbances of fluoride, as well as those negative effects that could be known in this regard, through removal processes. In this documentary review work, various results of fluoride removal materials are shown. We recommend continuing to search for materials and/or substances that inspire certainty in the control of the permissible limits of fluoride in water for human consumption.
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Modern Chemistry & Chemical Technology
Occupancy of Al 3+ /Cr 3+ ions at B-sites in Ni-Zn-Cu ferrite system synthesized by sol-gel auto-combustion method
Ferrites find extensive application in traditional electronic, electrical, and magnetic equipment and systems.The ferrite materials substituted with different cations have become most important because of their both fundamental and technological application. In our current research, we investigate the impact of Al3+ and Cr3+ ions on the properties of nano- sized Ni0.7Zn0.2Cu0.1Fe2O4 ferrites created using the sol-gel auto-combustion process. We employ various analytical techniques, including XRD, SEM, FTIR, ESR, VSM, and dielectric measurements to characterize these synthesized nano-ferrites. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the development of a cubic spinel structure within the Fd3m space group.There is no impurity found in XRD spectrum. The SEM images revealed that the particles exhibit a spherical morphology, with an average grain size falling within the 5-10nm range. In the FTIR spectra, the fundamental absorption bands were observed, which can be attributed to octahedral and tetrahedral sites within the 400-600cm-1 range. Furthermore, the g-factor exhibited a linear decrease as both the magnetic field strength and dopant concentration increased. The addition of Al 3+ and Cr 3+ in place of Fe 3+ will decrease the parallel spin in B-site when both substitute ions enter into B- site as well as increase A-B interaction favours the anti parallel spin arrangement between the A-site and B-site. The obtained findings align well with the values previously documented in the literature.
Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of Chalcone Derivatives
Chalcone derivatives were produced by the Claisen-Schmidt condensation of aromatic aldehydes with methyl ketones. Chalone derivatives are valuable species as they belong to keto-ethylenic components. Chalcone is a one-of-a-kind template that is linked to a variety of biological processes. 2-hydroxy-2,5- dichloro acetophenon (1) were synthesized by Fries migration and condensed with aromatic aldehyde to produce the new chalcone derivatives (2a-e). The new 1-(2-hydroxy-3,5-dichlorophenyl)-aryl-prop2-ene-1-ones (2a-e) (chalcones) were characterized using FT-IR and NMR The synthesized compounds were also screened against some bacterial species i;e, S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, S. typhi, P. vulgaris, S. flexueri, E. coli & P. aeruginosa, to evaluate their activity as promising antibacterial agents. In literature review, number of chalcone- heterocycle hybrids appear which exhibit future drugs with superior activities compared to those standards Because of the existence of the reactiveunsaturated system, chalcone has moderate to high antibacterial activity. Chalcones are secondary metabolic precursors of flavonoids, however unlike flavonoids, they possess a reactive-unsaturated carbonyl group and are thus potential inducers of cytoprotective proteins. The synthesis and antibacterial activity of new chalcone compounds obtained from 2-Hydroxy-3,5-dichloro acetophenone are described in this research.
Response Surface Methodology for Improving Quicklime Production from Eggshell
This study aimed to enhance the characteristics of quicklime by creating practical models based on experimental data. The research focused on analyzing the impact of three key factors during the calcination process: temperature, duration, and the size of eggshell particles. Two process models for RSM models were successfully created and validated. The residual errors between the actual values and the predicted values in the modeling validation runs were less than 5%, and they fell within the 95% prediction interval of the generated models. The study's findings indicate that the calcination temperature, calcination time, and eggshell particle size are the key variables that significantly affected the quicklime yield and reactivity. The RSM method demonstrates that a compromised configuration of calcination temperature of 945.91oC and calcination time of 180.82 min will still yield the desired results. will result in quicklime with an ideal yield of 99.6608%, an ideal level of 210 minutes at 895.03 degrees Celsius, and an ideal quicklime reactivity of 0.467835 degrees Celsius per second. would lessen the amount of downtime experienced by industries experiencing issues brought on by variations in the grade of quicklime purchased. The empirical response surface models (RSM) established in this study are valuable tools that quicklime manufacturers can employ to pinpoint the optimal calcination process parameters. Quicklime production is improved by these models in terms of both quantity and quality.
Synthesis and Characterization of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oils by Acid and Base Catalysis
In this study, biodiesel was synthesized by the transesterification reaction involving methanol and triglyceride obtained from waster cooking oil (WCO) in a laboratory scale reactor. Different concentrations of catalysts such as sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) were employed in the reactions. The feedstock samples were gathered from neighbourhood eateries in Ghana's Cape Coast metropolis. Investigations were done into how variables including temperature, reaction time, methanol/WCO ratio, and catalyst concentration affected the conversion of biodiesel. Biodiesel yield of 70-90% were obtained at the methanol/WCO ratio of 3:1-7:1, temperature of 50- 65oC, KOH concentration of 0.5-1.0%, H2SO4 concentration of 1-5% and a reaction time of 30-120 minutes. Optimal conditions of 5% H2SO4, reaction time of 60 minutes, temperature of 60oC and methanol/WCO ratio of 5:1 were obtained for a corresponding yield of 90% biodiesel conversion. Various physical properties such as density, pour point, flash point and viscosity of the optimal products were found to be within the required specification limits of the ASTM International standards requirements.
Cytotoxic and Antigenotoxicity Activity of Hibiscus sabdariffa Extract Against Tobacco Smoke Extract in Allium cepa Cells
The present study was objective to determine whether and to what extent Hibiscus sabdariffa (H. S) extract can reduced the genotoxic damage by Cigarette smoking extract on Allium cepa cells. For this purpose, we used onion bulbs were treated with %2 cigarette smoking extract for 12 h, then treated with concentrations 0.1, 0.01, 0.001 mg/ml of H.s extract for other 12 h; while negative control in water and positive control in cigarette smoking extract was used. Our results showed anti-mitotic effect of H.s extract in a concentration dependent manner and concluded a synergistic effects between extract of cigarette and H.s extract, which caused an increased toxicity on cells at all treatments. Cytological observations revealed that all treatments caused mitotic abnormalities but we showed reduction in the number aberrant cells induction by cigarette extract at treatment with conc. 0.01 mg/ml compared with positive control. These results led to conclude that H.s extract have cytotoxic and anti-genotoxic activity at conc. 0.01 mg/ml.
Synthesis Spectral Characterisation and Biological Activity of Hetero-cyclic Compound of 2-Imidazolones
Because of the wide range of applications for 2-imidazolones, they have achieved enormous importance in human life. Although there are other methods for generating 2-imidazolones, the bulk of them required an 8 to 10 hour reflux period. As a result, the suggested study was done to develop a simple process for the synthesis of 2-imidazolones and to improve product yield by using Zeolite as a catalyst. The work described here addresses the synthesis of several substituted 2-imidazolones using substituted benzoins and urea as solvents and Zeolite as a catalyst. The work presented here discusses the synthesis of a number of substituted 2-imidazolones using substituted benzoins and urea as solvents and Zeolite as a catalyst. Substituted benzoins have been produced from aromatic aldehydes through condensation in the presence of aqueous NaCN. Chemical characteristics, elemental analysis, and spectrum analysis were used to characterize produced substances.
End of Life Tire Pyrolysis Current Status and Opportunities
Recycling of end-of-life tires (ETL) is a concern for local and national governments due to associated severe environmental hazards. Use of automobile vehicle is increasing, because of surging demand in the emerging market. Governments are enforcing strict tyre disposal regulations. Several have been put forth to address the disposal issue. Pyrolysis- is the latest technology, which leads the decomposition of polymeric moiety at elevated temperatures under inert conditions. Pyrolysis process converts scrap tires into gaseous products and liquid fuels Other businesses, including the chemical, transportation, and energy sectors, use these products. The output products of pyrolysis process are dependent on several factors i.e. quality of input material, Rubber Hydrocarbon Content (RHC) of the scrap tire and selling value of the products. As per the current and past market conditions based studies suggest that pyrolysis plants can profitably as independent operations. This article briefly describes basics of ETL pyrolysis, different products and economics of this technology.
Post-combustion CO2 capture by using chemical absorption process: Brief Review
CO2 concentration on a global scale is increasing rapidly day by day, and it highly effects on the environment. CO2 mitigation strategies such as CCUS (Carbon capture utilization and storage) proved to be an efficient technology to combat the global warming issue. The three technologies commercially deployed for Industrial CO2 capture can be classified as 1. post-combustion process, 2. pre-combustion process, also 3. Oxy-fuel process. Post-combustion capture process has some benefits over the other technologies as it is a better retrofit to the already existing combustion process. The main aim of this paper is to describe the post-combustion capture with the absorption process. And also discussed simulation & modelling of the experimental performance on the pilot plant. Based on this application, different solvents and PI techniques of blended amine are also discussed to improve efficiency
Investigation on the Periodic Dispersion of TPH in Stagnant Water Environment
An investigation was carried out on the dispersion of crude oil in stagnant water environment and studied experimentally using relevant mathematical models. Precisely two tanks of equal capacity were filled to about 1.5m3 volumes of fresh water and salt water respectively. Also, we considered TPH diffusion in the stagnant water environment which was studied using Developed Dispersion and Degradation Model incorporated with first order degradation rate as well as the Monod equation. The concentration of the Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon present in the contaminated salt and fresh water media were all subjected into analysis based on the depth of the tanks at different intervals of approximately 25cm from water surface. As part of the experiment, once in every two weeks, crude oil samples were introduced into the tank containing the collected water samples in order to ensure there were contamination. The samples of waters collected from the sample collection points were analysed with the use of Gas Chromatography (GC), which done also to be able to determine the concentration of TPH dispersed into the contaminated water media. Finally, the level of physicochemical parameters in the water media after crude oil pollution and the slow rate of TPH reduction over the investigation period implied that it will take a longer time for TPH to degrade under natural attenuation, but using the identified bacteria via bioargumentation technique could accelerate the TPH degradation
Acrylamide in deep-frying versus air frying foods and mitigation treatments: a review
Frying can contribute to intensifying oxidative reactions and the formation of acrylamide (AA), which is a compound derived from the Maillard Reaction, potentially toxic. Even so, fried foods are one of the most consumed foods worldwide. Innovative technologies such as air frying (AF) have been developed to this end. Thus, the objectives of this review were to systematize data on AA content in foods, compare the AF technique with immersion frying (FRIT), and assess the efficacy of pretreatments to reduce AA in foods exposed to AF. AF showed an average percentage reduction of AA content and colorimetric indicator a* of 41.4% and 58.7%, respectively. Asparaginase and plant extracts were effective in reducing AA formation, with mean reduction of 20.94% and 67.01%, respectively. AF proved to be a potentially efficient method for reducing AA in foods, and the use of pretreatments proved to be effective in reducing its formation even further.
Study of Fresh Water and Salt Water in Bayelsa State
The purpose of the research was to examine various types of saltwater and freshwater fish found in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The Niger Delta is a significant area in Nigeria known for its numerous bodies of water, including rivers, lakes, streams, and creeksThere is a wide variety of fish in these freshwater settings in the area, including Clarias gariepinus, Pila ovate, Labeo coubie, Synodontis budgetti, and Synodontis eupterus. The Niger Delta is home to a variety of freshwater environments in addition to a wide marine ecology that supports a variety of fish species, including Elops lacerta, Mugil cephalus, Thais coronata, Periophthalmus papilio, Tympanotonus fuscatus, and Sardinella maderensis.Regrettably, many of these fish species are currently at risk of extinction due to ongoing pollution in the coastal environment of the Niger Delta region. Consequently, it is crucial to document the presence of these freshwater and marine fish species. This documentation will serve as a valuable resource for both academic and research institutions, should any of these fish species face the threat of extinction in the future. The purpose of the research was to examine various types of saltwater and freshwater fish found in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The Niger Delta is a significant area in Nigeria known for its numerous bodies of water, including rivers, lakes, streams, and creeksThere is a wide variety of fish in these freshwater settings in the area, including Clarias gariepinus, Pila ovate, Labeo coubie, Synodontis budgetti, and Synodontis eupterus. The Niger Delta is home to a variety of freshwater environments in addition to a wide marine ecology that supports a variety of fish species, including Elops lacerta, Mugil cephalus, Thais coronata, Periophthalmus papilio, Tympanotonus fuscatus, and Sardinella maderensis.Regrettably, many of these fish species are currently at risk of extinction due to ongoing pollution in the coastal environment of the Niger Delta region. Consequently, it is crucial to document the presence of these freshwater and marine fish species. This documentation will serve as a valuable resource for both academic and research institutions, should any of these fish species face the threat of extinction in the future.
Production of Bioethanol from Agro-food Waste (Potato Peel) with the Aid of NPK Fertilizer and Moringa Leaf as Activators
In this work, the production of ethanol with the aid of activators was investigated. Two-step hydrolysis of sweet potato peel was studied. Acid hydrolysis was carried out using dilute sulphuric acid, while enzyme hydrolysis was studied using Aspergillus niger inoculum. The effect of activators on ethanol yield was also investigated. Saccharification was studied using aspergillus niger which is a starch degrading organism to generate convertible sugar. Fermentation was carried out by saccharomyces cerevisiae which is an ethanol producing microorganism. The values of optimum time, pH, temperature and other operating conditions differ with the various steps. Ethanol production from potato peel waste was carried out under anaerobic conditions using saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast at 32oC. Different sources of nitrogen NPK fertilizer and moringa leave with mass of 2g to 10g were added to promote the ethanol yields and prevent by-products formation. With the control medium, the ethanol produced was 19.62% with fermentation time of 72 hours. With the addition of moringa as a supplementary nitrogen source, the yield of ethanol increased to 31% as the quantity of moringa increased from 2g10g of fermentation time 72 hours. Similarly using NPK fertilizer as a supplementary nitrogen source gave an ethanol yield of 27.8% with a fermentation time of 72 hours. The addition of NPK fertilizer and moringa significantly increased glucose utilization, ethanol production when compared with control media. There was significant difference in ethanol yield when the supplementary nitrogen sources (NPK fertilizer and moringa leave) were added compared with the control media. The higher values of ethanol yield obtained when supplementary nitrogen sources were added indicate that both activators succeed in efficiently reducing the formation of by- products during anaerobic fermentation compared with that of the control media where the saccharomyces cerevisae is the only available nitrogen source. It was observed that as the mass of NPK fertilizer and moringa were increased from 2g-10g, the yield of ethanol also increases.
Modified Cellulosic Fabrics with Eugenol Added for Longer-Lasting and Better Antibacterial Activity
Eugenol was added to cyclodextrin-grafted organic cotton to create antibacterial textiles with increased efficacy and durability. Grafting of β-cyclodextrin on fabric was done with citric acid as cross linker in the presence of sodium hypophosphite by fixing at 150oC for 10 min. UV-Visible and FTIR spectral studies of β-Cyclodextrin, β-Cyclodextrin-grafted fabric, ungrafted fabric, eugenol and eugenol –loaded fabric confirmed the inclusion of eugenol on grafted fabric. Eugenol was recovered from ungrafted and grafted fabric by extraction with ethanol and it was quantified by performing high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis and its level was remarkably higher in grafted fabric. Eugenol-loaded ungrafted and grafted fabrics were tested against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by agar diffusion method and inhibition was more pronounced in E.Coli. Inclusion of antibacterial agent into grafted fabric showed enhanced inhibition effect with durability after 10 cycles of washing, while it was not retained in ungrafted fabric. Grafting of Cyclodextrin on fabric and inclusion of eugenol into their cavity produced a durable antibacterial textile.
Podophyllum hexandrum: A Rare Alpine Medicinal Herb, Reservoir of Bioactive molecules
In the Ayurvedic medical system, Podophyllum hexandrum, a well-known and important medicinal plant from the family Berberidaceae, is frequently used to treat ailments like constipation, colds, fevers, septic wounds, inflammation, burning sensations, mental disorders, genital warts, and various cancer types. This herb, which prefers moisture and shade and grows at heights between 2500 and 4000 metres, is native to the Kashmir to Sikkim region of the Himalayas. According to reports, this species&#39; primary phytoconstituents include lignans and flavonoids. Podophyllotoxin, a widely distributed anti-mitotic natural substance, was isolated from Podophyllin, the resin obtained from this plant. In clinics, semi-synthetic forms of podophyllotoxin, etoposide, teniposide, and etoposide phosphate are currently used to give anticancer treatment. These have shown a wide range of clinical activity in treating various tumour types. Due to their exceptional biological activity, it will be appropriate to develop Podophyllum hexandrum extracts and its constituents into clinically useful scaffolds in the fields of oncology and related research. The current paper provides a thorough examination of the many facets of the plant&#39;s biology, the chemistry of its biologically active component, podophyllotoxin, as well as its biological activities and mechanism of action. It also explores the potential use of biotechnology to create podophyllotoxin.
The study of Carbon Emissions and achieving Carbon Neutrality in Agricultural Sector
In the world, approximately 30% carbon and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission is from the agricultural sector. Basically it can be said that the agri-food industry emits almost 1/3rd of the total carbon emission. Agriculture practices indirectly contributes towards climate change, the reason is greenhouse gas emissions and also by the conversion of non-agricultural land such as forests into agricultural land. There are various reasons that are leading to such situations such as deforestation, land use pattern, ruminant farming etc. Various countries now are trying to find their farm Carbon Footprint and moving towards finding solutions that can help them in reducing the emission.The solution to this problem that can be helpful is Carbon Neutral Farming. It is one of the ways that limits carbon emissions without affecting agricultural output.
Sustainable Approach for The Efficient Removal of Methylene blue From Aqueous Solution Using Sapindus Mukorossi Seed Powder as Biosorbent
In this study, the adsorption of Methylene blue dye from water using Sapindus mukorossi seed powder was investigated. Batch experiments were carried out with various dilutions of Methylene blue to check the activity of reetha seed powder as an efficient biosorbent. The results showed that the seed powder was effective in removing Methylene blue from water, with a removal efficiency ranging from 88 to 99% at pH of 7, an adsorbent dosage of 0.1 g/L, and a contact time of 24 hours. The biosorption studies of removal of methylene blue from water using reetha seed powder were verified using Freundlich adsorption isotherm and Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm was found to fit the experimental data better, indication monolayer adsorption. The findings suggest that Sapindus mukorossi seed powder could be used as an eco-friendly, low-cost adsorbent for the removal of Methylene blue dye from water. Further research could explore its potential for removing other pollutants from water.
The Developed New Method of Chlorella vulgaris Concentration Using Electrolytic Hydrogen Bubbles and Its Successful Application for the Synthesis of Food, Biologically Active Additives, Synthetic Biofuels, Biopolymers and Other Products
Under favorable conditions, Chlorella vulgaris produces polar lipids (for example, phospholipids, widely used as food and biologically active additives, and under unfavorable or limited growth conditions Chlorella vulgaris produces non-polar lipids are widely used in the production of biofuels, biopolymers and other products. However, for the synthesis of phospholipids, widely used as food and biologically active additives, as well as for the production of non-polar lipids, widely used in the production of biofuels, biopolymers, a large amount of high-quality Chlorella vulgaris biomass with reduced water content is required. Unfortunately, in existing concentration methods, microalgae concentrates have high water content (80–90%), which is a serious problem in the production of biologically active additives, synthetic biofuels, biopolymers and other products. The article presents just such a developed new method for obtaining a high-quality, anhydrous concentrate from the natural environment with rapidly proliferating Chlorella vulgaris cells, using electrolytic hydrogen bubbles, formed during the electrolysis of an aqueous solution with Chlorella vulgaris cells, and reveals the mechanism for using of the obtained concentrate for the synthesis of widely used polar lipids (phospholipids) as food and biologically active additives, as well as non-polar lipids, widely used in the production of biofuels, biopolymers and other products. Electrolytic hydrogen bubbles, formed during the electrolysis of an aqueous solution with Chlorella vulgaris cells, have two unique properties: microdispersion and a negative charge on their surface, which allows them to form strong complexes in the act of flotation: electrolytic hydrogen bubbles + Chlorella vulgaris cells that float to the surface of an aqueous solution due to their increased volume compared to the individual components, which ensures the successful completion of the flotation-concentration process.
Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of Modern Chemistry & Chemical Technology
Treatment of Wastewater with Acid and Alkaline Modified Coconut Fiber Carbon
The thrust of this study is to investigate the effect of acid and alkaline modified coconut fibre carbon for Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) waste water treatment. The Coconut fibre were obtained as an agrowaste material from Ahiankwo Market in Umuoyoro, Omuma L.G.A, Rivers State, Nigeria while the LNG waste water was sourced from Greenvile LNG plant in Rumuji, Emohua L.G.A, Rivers state, Nigeria. The coconut fiber was carbonized, chemically activated using HCL and NaOH solutions, and assessed for conventional parameters of activated carbon, including bulk density, porosity, pore volume, ash content, moisture content, pH, and particle size. In the subsequent adsorption tests, where the primary goal is the removal of suspended and dissolved Particles (SDP), the activated carbons were utilized to treat the LNG waste water. Total Dissolved Solids, Total Suspended Solids, Total Hardness, Turbidity, Oil content, and pH were the SDP parameters examined. The impact of the process parameters (such as carbon dosage and contact time, particle size, concentration, pH, and concentration) on the percent removal of the SDPs was also investigated and evaluated. It was determined that while carbon dosage and contact time showed a positive correlation with the percent removal of the SDPs, the opposite was true for particle size, pH, and concentration. However, in general, the acid activated carbon treated waste water samples had water treatment parameter values better than those for the alkaline activated carbon treated waste water samples, showing that acid is a better chemical activating agent to be used for the activation of coconut coir agro-waste, for this purpose. The foregoing was corroborated with the plot of Freundlich Isotherm when fitted against the linear models, a correlation coefficient of 0.986 and 0.982 was obtained for the acid and alkaline activated carbon treated waste water samples respectively. This further proves that the acid activated carbon served for a better purification agent than the alkaline activated carbon. Findings from this study can be used by LNG plants operating in our Nigerian environment (where these agro-waste are abundant) for the purification of their effluent before discharge into the immediate environment in the pursuit of the new millennium environmental preservation to leave his environment better than the way he met it.
Polyphenol Recovery Using Nanofiltration and Tight Ultrafiltration: A Review
A viable strategy to lessen the environmental contamination of numerous by-products is pressuredriven membrane-based technology. The recovery, isolation, and separation of polyphenols from such by-products has recently received attention due to the growing interest in natural chemicals having biological activity. The potential to recover phenolics from various kinds of by-products has been observed particularly for tight filtration process and nanofiltration membranes. These membranes' productivity and ability to separate substances are influenced by several variables, including the material of the membrane, the molecular weight cut-off, and the operating environment. One pressure-driven filtration membrane technology that has recently gained popularity is nanofiltration. Both diffusion controlled and convective fluxes take place during transit across the membrane because of the membrane's porosity and the pressure difference inside the cell. Naturally, the external boundary layer on the feed side may also experience the same transport flux. An analysis of the impact of these variables on the extraction of phenolic compounds by-products utilizing impermeable ultrafiltration and nanofiltration membranes is presented. The information from the literature is examined and debated regarding the ways that molecules are separated, how membranes function, and other process phenomena. To encourage the deployment of system components for the synthesis of active phenolic formulations that may be useful as food antioxidants, current methods for extracting phenolics from raw resources are also introduced.
The Impact of Temperature and Pressure on the Efficiency of Thermodynamic Processes in Power Generation
A subfield of physics called thermodynamics studies how heat interacts with other types of energy. It plays a crucial role in power generation, where the conversion of heat energy into mechanical energy and eventually into electrical energy is carried out. Temperature and pressure are just two of the many variables that affect how efficiently thermodynamic processes produce electricity. This article aims to provide an overview of the impact of temperature and pressure on the efficiency of thermodynamic processes in power generation. Temperature is a crucial factor that affects the efficiency of thermodynamic processes. The amount of heat required to produce a specific amount of work depends on the temperature at which the process is carried out. High temperatures are necessary for power generation to boost the effectiveness of thermodynamic processes. This is because the thermal efficiency of a power generation process is directly proportional to the temperature at which it is carried out. However, there are practical limitations to the maximum temperature that can be used, as the materials used in power plants may not be able to withstand extremely high temperatures. Pressure also plays a crucial role in the efficiency of thermodynamic processes in power generation. The amount of work that can be done with a gas depends on its pressure. The pressure in a power plant is typically maintained at a high level to increase the efficiency of thermodynamic processes. A high-pressure system allows for more work to be extracted from a given amount of heat. However, the pressure in a power plant must be carefully controlled, as changes in pressure can result in damage to the equipment used in the plant.
Effect of Temperature Variation on Co-composting of Flower and Fruit Wastes Using Rice Husk as Bulking Agent
Each day, fruit and flower waste is dumped alongside municipal solid waste. The collection of fruit and flower waste is easy compared to other waste materials as it is generated mostly in a particular area, for example, juice factories and stalls, religious places, graveyards, marriage and party halls, restaurants, etc. This waste can be composted since it is high in organic carbon. Biological composting is the most common and economical technique to decompose organic waste materials. However, the process is highly temperature sensitive. The composition of organic waste at ambient temperature requires 15–30 days to stabilize. In this study, fruit and flower waste was shredded and co-composted at different ratios at ambient (28–30°C) and controlled temperature (35–37°C) in an incubator. Organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, conductivity, pH, and temperature were regularly monitored, maintaining moisture content of 67% to 70%. The study shows that the waste stabilized within 4 days under controlled conditions, whereas the same waste took 14 days to stabilize at ambient temperature.
Preliminary Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Helicteres isora leaf extracts.
Objective: To evaluate phytochemical screening, Anti-oxidant and anti-bacterial activity of Helicteres isora leaf extracts. Methods: Petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, ethanol and hydroalcoholic extracts of leaves were used for the phytochemical screening. Anti-oxidant activity was measured using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide (No) radical scavenging tests; antibacterial activity was assessed using disc diffusion techniques. Results: The percentage yields for the petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, ethanol and the hydroalcoholic extract were 1.29%, 1.76%, 1.41%, 2.18% and 3.23% w/w, respectively. H. isora leaf extract produced favourable results for sterols and flavonoids during the initial phytochemical screening. The DPPH radical-scavenging activity of the concentrations of ethanolic and hydroalcoholic extracts, and L ascorbic acid needed for 50% inhibition free radicals were found to be 84.02 µg/mL, 76.05 µg/mL and 54.96 µg/ml, respectively. The inhibition of No radicals generated from sodium nitroprusside at physiological pH by the ethanolic and hydroalcoholic extracts and L-ascorbic acid was observed at concentrations of 85.05 µg/mL, 74.03 µg/mL, and 51.69 µg/mL, respectively. Conclusions: The hydroalcoholic extract's observed antibacterial and antioxidant properties may be due to the phytochemical components of these substances
Phytochemicals And Antioxidants Properties of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides Root Bark
There have been studies on Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (Orinata), family; Rutaceae, which has shown remarkable benefits of the plant to humans traditional medicine. Root or stem bark macerations, decoctions or infusions of the plant are widely taken to treat malaria, fever, sickle cell anemia, tuberculosis, paralysis, oedema and general body weakness. They are also widely taken to treat intestinal problems, including colic, dysentery, intestinal worms, gonorrhea and urethritis. Studies show that over 200 compounds have been isolated from the plant. Many locals especially in Southern Nigeria are known to take their plant medicinal extract using local gin popularly known as ogogoro. This research was conducted to determine the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant properties of ethanol and local gin (ogogoro) extract of Zanthoxylum zathoxyloides root bark. Cold extraction by maceration was adopted using ethanol and local gin respectively. The local gin extract tends to have high percentage yield than that of the ethanol extract. The phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity were done according to standard methods and total flavonoid method. Alkaloids, saponin, cardiac glycosides, terpenoid and flavonoids were present in both extract, tannins and saponins was present in the local gin extract but were absent in the ethanol extract, while phlobatannins and starch were absent in both extract, both extract have fairly the same antioxidant properties with absorbance of 0.54 nm for 0.5ml extract concentration (ethanol extract) and 0.536 nm for 0.5 ml concentration (local gin). The study has shown that root extracts of Zanthoxylum zathoxyloides contains rich bioactive chemical constituents with significant antioxidant activity.
Synthesis of green nanoparticles for degradation of Cellulose
Late advances in nano-science and technology have also prompted the advance of novel nanomaterials, which eventually increment potential eudaimonia and ecological perils. Enthusiasm for growing Earth's thoughtful ways for the mix of auriferous nanoparticles has been enlarged. The intention is to limit the negative effects of the designed methodology with artificial compounds and subordinate mixes. The abuse of assorted biomaterials for the mix of nanoparticles is a profitable methodology in inexperienced technology. Natural assets, for example, microbes, inexperienced growth organisms and plants, generate ease, vitality effective, and nontoxic ecological agreeable auriferous nanoparticles. This survey offers a review of various reports of inexperienced amalgamated zero valent auriferous iron (ZVMI) and iron compound (Fe2O3/Fe3O4) nanoparticles (N.P.s) and options for their generous applications in natural contamination management. This audit also condenses the Ecotoxicological effects of inexperienced combined iron nanoparticles contradicting non-green integrated iron nanoparticles. Green Nanoparticles using the science of nanotechnology branch are then modernized in research. This review paper discusses the various bio-Nano components, such as bio-polymers, polysaccharides, Cellulose, and ion usage. These aspects thus help in the larger umbrella study of green Nanoparticles. So likewise, the research and the usage of green Nanoparticles in the parallel study papers are considered. Also, the green Nanobacteria, the occurring biological resources of the green Nano study, are briefed by the author in this review as they are also the promoting agents in various molecular level natural changes. So, all in all, this paper briefly explains the niche and details more about nanotechnology and green Nano particle linkage and how they interact on the molecular level.
Inorganic Substances are Studied Using the Chromatographic Technique
Inorganic analysis's use of separations is described, and the benefits of various chromatographic procedures are emphasized. Ion-exchange chromatography, solvent evaporation, columns extraction chromatography, gas chromatography of volatile metal chelates, column chromatography using chelating resins, and column chromatography using non-ionic sportive resins are some common separation techniques. Specific examples are shown to demonstrate how each of these techniques is used in analysis. A comparison of the state-ofthe-art in organic and inorganic liquid chromatography is made. With automatic detection and quantification from electronically integrated peak regions, several organic compounds in a sample can be isolated in just a few minutes. Many inorganic separations still involve human analysis of collected fractions and gravity flow columns, which slows down the process considerably. Specific instances and the high-speed inorganic chromatography's guiding principles are presented. It is anticipated that chelating ion-exchange resins will play a significant role in inorganic separations. A brief review of recent chelating resin advances is provided. A non-ionic resin that is selective for uranium as well as a chelating resin that is incredibly selective for gold, silver, mercury, and bismuth are just a few of the new resins that are discussed. Chromatography is a technique for extracting different components from a mixture. Numerous separations made possible by chromatography are made possible by other techniques, making it possible to separate, purify, and identify the constituents near to the complicated mixtures. The foundation of chromatography is the selective dispersion of various components between it mobile and permanent phases. The foundation of these techniques is the unequal motion of the detachable items caused by the imbalance of the two forces of movement and the deterrent action of the separating agent. The liquid or solid phase of the system is the static phase. Gas or liquid might make up the moving phase.
Domino Reaction for the Synthesis of Nitroolefin Heterocyclic Compound Via Thiazole Formation Followed by Claisen Rearrangement
The Baylis-Hillman adducts derived from nitroolefins have been conveniently transformed into Claisen rearrangement. These substances, which include benzothiazole moiety, are very biologically reactive substances. This novel nitro derivative of 2-((E)-2-nitro-3-phenylallyloxy)-3-ethoxybenzaldehyde was simply treated with mole percentage of 2-(2-(2-aminophenyl) disulfanyl) benzenamine in melt reactive condition. Hence this novel 2-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-6-ethoxy-4-((E)-2-nitro-3-phenylallyl)phenol core unit compounds was very intrusting and new opportunities for the preparation of closely related to the different [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangements related to the Claisen rearrangement molecule. In situ production of a monomer succeeded from an intramolecular [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction have been shown to be a solid-state melt reaction (SSMR) for the manufacturing of tetracyclic chromenopyran pyrimidinedione frameworks employing Baylis-Hillman derivatives. High stereoselectivity and stereospecificity were used to create the tetracyclic frameworks without the need of a catalyst or solvent. The isolated yield is very good, and the pure product can be obtained without using column chromatography for purification.
Review on UV – Visible Spectroscopy and HPLC
Like Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy is used to determine the purity of pharmaceutical compounds. Many substances have chromospheres, which absorb certain wavelengths of ultraviolet or visible light. Using the Beer–Lambert equation, the absorption of spectra obtained from these samples at given wavelengths can be directly related to the sample concentration. Normally, UV and UV-visible spectra are recorded at high and low pH, and the results of both are compared to recognized standards for the sample in issue UV-visible is a low-cost, simple technology that provides for sample recovery and good separation of pure chemicals without derivatization. For street samples with complicated mixtures, it is less useful. In physical and analytical chemistry, spectroscopy is frequently used to identify chemicals by looking at the spectrum they emit or absorb. Astronomy and remote sensing both use spectroscopy extensively. Spectrometers are used in most large telescopes, and they are used to determine the chemical composition and physical attributes of celestial objects, as well as to calculate their velocities using the Doppler Shift of their spectral lines. Absorption spectroscopy includes UV-Visible spectroscopy. For qualitative, quantitative, and structural study of a material in solution, absorption spectroscopy in the UV-visible region is one of the oldest and most widely used techniques in pharmaceutical analysis. The spectrum created by the substance due to absorption of various wavelengths of UV-visible light is studied. Visible light behaves similarly to UV light spectroscopically. As a result, UV and visible spectroscopic techniques are researched in tandem. HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) is a separation technique that can be used to examine chemicals in a variety of samples. It is possible to choose the type of HPLC according on the nature, chemical structure, and molecular weight of the analytes. In this regard, various types of HPLC have arisen to provide qualitative and quantitative data on individual components of the material under investigation. Detecting manipulations and fraudulence for profiting, circumventing the law imposed in the interest of food authenticity, requires understanding of these types of components. The purpose of this chapter is to describe HPLC principles and procedures as a tool for qualitative and/or quantitative identification of components present in a sample that might be used as fingerprints in the authentication process. HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) is a critical qualitative and quantitative technique for estimating pharmaceutical and biological substances. It is the most versatile, safest, most reliable, and fastest chromatographic approach for drug component quality control. The purpose of this article was to discuss several aspects of HPLC, such as the principle, kinds, apparatus, and applications.
Evaluation of Physicomechanical and Biodestructible Properties of Polyethylene-based Composite Sheets for Packaging Application
Worldwide, the packaging market has seen steady growth and plastic ingredients have become distinct. Plastic is an important part of daily life and is used for a variety of purposes. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic is one of the greatest influential packaging ingredients in today's society. When polyethylene plastic products are out of use, they are thrown away like ordinary garbage. The main disadvantage is that they are not biodegradable, and attempts have been made to accelerate biodegradation. A plastic degradation system has been introduced to solve the problem of plastic disposal. An effort has been made to produce perishable plastics by adding starch to the plastic to produce perishable packaging ingredients that may be ecologically friendly. In this study, polar potato starch (PS) was physically blended with non-polar LDPE via melt compounding technique and then injection molded to form LDPE/PS composite sheets. Starch content varies from 0 to 30 wt.%. The effect of starch content and chemical treatment using sodium tripolyphosphate (STP) with additives (glycerol/urea, and epolene wax) on the properties of composites were examined. Mechanical and morphology tests of LDPE/PS composites have been performed by tensile testing machine and microscopy, respectively. Mechanical test results show that the loss of tensile strength and elongation at break of untreated and treated composites increased as the starch content increased. Water absorption (WA) of untreated and treated composites increased as the starch content and soaking time increased. Exposure to LDPE/PS composites in water and soil environments was performed to analyze the biodegradability of composites. Weight loss and loss of tensile properties have increased due to an increase in the amount of starch and exposure time in the soil and water environment, respectively. Treated PS composites also exhibit less water absorption and degradation than untreated PS plastic composites.
Predictive Modeling and Optimization of Citric Acid Bioproduction Using Ipomoea batatas Peel (Sweet Potato)
In this research, the Box–Behnken design was adopted and applied to the process and the total of 30 experimental runs were generated for the liquefaction steps considered for the purpose of citric acid bioproduction using Ipomoea batatas peel (sweet potato) which was very helpful during the investigatory process of this research. The liquefaction step adopted were very sensitive as gross investigations to ascertain their usability was made and proven worthy before being adopted as part of the research methodology which includes ANOVA test, the ANOVA test showed the quadratic model obtained to be significant (p<0.0001). For the liquefaction step, the R2 was 98.92% while the adjusted R2 was found to be over 96% and the entire p-value coefficients were <0.0001. However (X1X2, X1X3, X1X4) respectively were not less than 0.0001. This is a clear indication that the adopted model is suitable and buyable to represent the actual relationship between the given variable. The square root value obtained from research work shows a very efficient consistency between the observed values and the predicted values. To determine their reliability plots and values, a computer application software called MATLAB and Microsoft Excel was used to plot a 3D graph of the effect of temperature against time and to determine the deferential behaviors of both the predicted parameters and the actual values for RSM. In all, both the models and all the methods adopted for this process as listed and demonstrated in the methodology were considered perfect and reliable for citric acid bioproduction using Ipomoea batatas peel (sweet potato).
Synthesis and Evaluation of New Coumarin Derivatives for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Against DSS-Induced Acute Ulcerative Colitis Mice Model
Objective: The discovery of the now numerous mouse models of intestinal inflammation has increased our understanding of the intestinal inflammation that occurs in inflammatory bowel disorders (IBD). This study aimed to investigate the use of a standardized animal model subjected to coumarin derivative treatment, and the action of synthesized molecule administration of dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-induced colitis in experimental mice. Materials and Methods: We generated a variety of unique coumarin derivatives throughout this study. Substituted benzoyl chloride was used to make coumarin derivatives such substituted 2-Ethoxy-2H-chromene and substituted 1-Methoxy-isochroman. 1H-NMR was used to confirm the chemical structures of the produced substances. However, the DSS-induced colitis animal model has some merits when compared to other similar in vivo experimental models of colitis. Because of its simplicity, it is a well-liked and commonly utilized model of inflammatory bowel disease. Results: Despite its ease of use and broad applicability, the DSS model has significant flaws that must be avoided. Several risk variables may increase sensitivity to DSS-induced lesions and alter the findings, according to the current research. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the majority of novel coumarin derivatives met the in vivo criteria for orally active drugs, indicating that they could be promising candidates for developing more potent and effective IBD drugs.
A Mini-Review on Spectral (UV Visible, FT-IR, 1H NMR, GC-MS) Analysis of Various Shaded Dried Leaves Extracts
To collect the different types of leaves in various places, wash collected leaves with distilled water and dried these leaves in various processes like under shade dry for 15 days, place oven (45 oC) for 1 hour. Grind well using the above-dried leaves, so these leaves are changed to powder form. Utilize these shaded dried leaves powder, to prepare extract with solvents like methanol, ethanol, hexane, carbon tetrachloride, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, benzene, chloroform, and water in various methods like mechanical stirring, Soxhlet extracted, etc. Finally using extract to characterize the spectral (UV visible, FT-IR, 1H NMR, GC-MS). This review provides literature on spectral analysis of shaded dried leaves extracts from 2010 to the 2021 covered. Principal of UV-Visible Spectroscopy “species containing three types of electrons are bonding, anti-bonding, and non-bonding electrons. Bonding and (n-electrons) non-bonding electrons can absorb energy in the kind of visible or ultraviolet light to go to a higher energy (excited) state. These electrons are present in upper energetic anti-bonding molecular orbitals”. Vibrational Spectroscopy develops spectra from matter and infrared radiation collaboration through emission, reflection, or absorption. The principle of NMR spectra involves three steps 1. To attract nucleus by using stable (Bo) magnetic field 2. These spins weakly magnetic field, generally this field suggested to as an (RF) radio-frequency pulse. 3. Evaluation and recognition of the electromagnetic signals produced by the nuclei. NMR spectroscopy is mainly used for the determination of inorganic and organic molecules. GC-Mass Spectroscopy instrument is used in various organic compounds to identify spectra.
Method development and validation of RP-HPLC for simultaneous estimation of etoricoxib and Thiocolchicosidein tablet dosage forms
Objective: A New approach became set up for simultaneous estimation of Etoricoxib and Thiocolchicoside with the aid of RP-HPLC approach. Methods: Chromatographic separations were carried using Agilent XDB C18, 150 x 4.6 mm, 5m, column with a mobile phase composition of Sodium Phospahte buffer 3.5 pH and Acetonitrile (20:80) Were delivered at a glide price of 1ml/min and the detection changed into done the usage of waters HPLC automobile sampler, separation module 2695 HPLC gadget with PDA detector at wavelength 260 nm. Results: The maintenance time for Etoricoxib and Thiocolchicoside were 2.202 and 3.26 moment separately. The connection coefficient esteems in linearity were viewed as 0.999 and fixation range 80-400 g/ml for Etoricoxib and 20-100 g/ml for Thiocolchicoside individually. For exactness the all-out recuperation was viewed as 100.43 % and 100.28 % for Etoricoxib and Thiocolchicoside. LOD and LOQ for Etoricoxib 3.00 and 10.02. LOD and LOQ for Thiocolchicoside 3.02 and 10.07. Conclusion: The consequences of study showed that the proposed RPHPLC technique is a straightforward, exact, exact, tough, powerful, quick and reproducible, which might be valuable for the standard assessment of Etoricoxib and Thiocolchicoside in tablet measurements structure.
Copyright (c) 2021 Journal of Modern Chemistry & Chemical Technology
Leukemia was first described by the French physician and surgeon Alfred-Armand-Louis-Marie- Villebeau in 1827. This review talks about Pathologist Rudolf Virchow that gave a more comprehensive description in 1845. After Virchow saw a high number of white blood cells in a sample of a patient's blood The deceased leukemia patient was "dirty green-yellow" rather than the normal red. Neumann concluded from here that a problem in the bone marrow is responsible for the abnormal blood in leukemia patients. By the 20th century, leukemia was considered a group of diseases rather than a single disease. By 1947, Boston pathologist Sidney Farber believed from previous experiments that aminopterin, an imitation of folic acid, might cure leukemia in children. Most children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who are examined show signs of improvement in their bone marrow, but none of them actually recover. However, this led to more experiments. There are many researchers used Emile J. Frerich Jr. and Emil Frey III Chemotherapy in an attempt to treat leukemia.
Influence of Methanolic Extractives of Prepupal Stages of Black Soldier, Hermetia Illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) on the Biochemical Parameters of Serum and Liver in the DMBA Induced Toxicity in Norwegian Rat, Rattus Norvegicus (L)
The larvae of Black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens L., are reducing the environmental pollution through utilization of organic waste for their development on organic wastes and converting the organic waste into protein and fat rich biomass. Health promoting potentials of black soldier fly derived proteins as ingredient of diet appears to be crucial need of modern days. In present attempt, forty Norwegian Rats were utilized as experimental animals. The individuals of experimental animals were divided into four groups. Each group was consisted of ten individuals of the experimental animals. The groups of the experimental animals include: Untreated control group; DMBA treated group; Methanolic Extractives of Prepupal Stages of Black Soldier Fly (MEPSBSF) Treated group and group treated with DMBA and Methanolic Extractives of Prepupal Stages of Black Soldier Fly (BSF) (DMBA + MEPSBSF). Experimental animals sacrificed at the end of experiment. The enzyme superoxide-dismutase (serves to breakdown the oxygen molecules of potentially harmful category); the enzyme glutathione-peroxidase (serving for reducing the hydrogen peroxide to water); the nitric oxide (compound responsible to cause widening of blood-vessels and stimulating hormones like insulin and growth hormone in human being); the enzyme myeloperoxidase (catalysing the process of formation of a number of reactive oxidant species); enzyme Asparate-aminotransferase and the enzyme Alanine-aminotransferase are the parameters considered for bioassay from the serum. Histopathological study on liver tissue was evaluated. The level of activity of enzyme Asparate-aminotransferase; the enzyme Alanine-aminotransferase; the level of nitric oxide; myloperoxide in serum and the level of nitric oxide; myloperoxide in the liver tissue appear to be significantly higher in carcinogen induced toxicity. The level of activity of enzyme Asparate-aminotransferase; the enzyme Alanine-aminotransferase; the level of nitric oxide; myloperoxide in serum in the group of experimental animals in the group: “MEPSBSF + DMBA” in comparison with the group of experimental animals in “untreated control”. The histological preparation of the liver tissue of the group of experimental animals in the group: “MEPSBSF + DMBA” reported less sinusoidal dilation; vacuolization in the cytoplasm of the liver cells (hepatocytes). There was inflammation around the central vein and in portal region in the group of experimental animals in the group: “MEPSBSF + DMBA”. Methanolic extractives of prepupal stages of black soldier fly (MEPSBSF) was reported to reduce the stress exerted through oxidation (oxidative stress). This may be through induction of mechanism of antioxidation process of the contents of Methanolic extractives of prepupal stages of black soldier fly (MEPSBSF). The present attempt on utilization of Methanolic Extractives of Prepupal Stages of Black Soldier (MEPSBSF) is reporting protective influence against the carcinogenic compounds like DMBA.
A Mathematical Model for the Prediction of Microbial Decay and Kinetics
The application of mathematical model for the prediction of kinetics of microbial decay was developed and simulated with variation in time. The result obtained demonstrates increase in the microbial decline in concentration revealing high depletion in substrate concentration as well as the available nutrient in the system. The functional parameters of the kinetic used in the monitoring, predicting and simulating the microbial characteristics in terms of decay rate is within the acceptable range. Therefore, the research work was able to predict the trend of microbial decay rate with respect to variation in time.
Investigation on Synergistic effect of Carbon Black on Flow properties of EPDM Composite
Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer is one of the most widely used rubbers in automotive exterior sealing systems. It is the material of choice for automotive sponge weather strips around doors, trunks and hoods. Its exceptional air and ozone resistance capabilities, combined with its compounding adaptability, result in high-performing profiles at a low cost, while sealing off water, dirt, and noise for the life of the vehicle. Over the last decade, advances in metallocene polymerization technique have allowed for more exact control of molecular architecture and co monomer introduction, allowing for the creation of high-performance elastomers with customised qualities. In this present research investigation, vulacnizates based on Ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber was prepared by incorporating 30 phr of cellulose short fibers along with different loading level of fast extrusion furnace black (FEF) at an increment level of 20 phr in a two roll mill. The effect of CB (FEF) on viscosity and rheological properties of various EPDM compounds such as C1 to C8 were fairly investigated by using the Monsanto moving die rheometer (MDR 2000) according to ASTM method D 2084 and also Mooney viscometer. The curing characteristics like TS2, TS5, ML, MH, cure time (TC90) and viscosity of various EPDM compounds were extensively determined and also the results were critically compared with each other. It was fairly observed that the reinforcement of CB along with cellulose short fibres in the EPDM compounds have made greater impact on improving the rheological properties and showed the synergistic effect between the fillers and the rubber matrix.
Phenolic Compound Extraction from Leaves of Nyctanthesarbor-tristis
Nyctanthes arbortristis is known as night-flowering jasmine and belongs to Oleaceae family. It is a fragrant white flowering shrub that is medicinally useful, sacred, and ornamental plant species. It is commonly grown in garden areas due to its pleasant fragrance and unique. The plant also growing on rocky areas in dry hillshades and is tolerant of moderate shade. It contains several phytochemicals like phenolic compound, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, saponins and it shows various pharmacological activities like antiasthmatic, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic effects, antiviral, antileishmaniasis, anticancerous, antimalarial, antifungal, antibacterial, antipyretic, antihistaminic, antioxidant activities etc. Leaves of Nyctanthes contain very high content of penolic compounds. These compounds are acts as anti-oxidants. The phenolic compounds are extracted from this plant leaves through various extraction methods for medicinal drugs preparation. It is controlled various disorders. The alcoholic extract of leaves were found to be effective in preventing the development of asphyxia. In this experiment the phenolic compound concentration are obtained from various solvent extracts. Ethanol is a best solvent and optimum for phenolic compound. Before column chromatography it was found to be 17 µg/ml and after column it was enhanced to be 19 µg/ml. Here silica gel is a stationary phase and adsorbed the impurities of plant extract samples
Optical Property of Cholesteric Liquid Crystals to Change their Color Under Temperature Change and its Practical Application
The article presents a description of the optical property of cholesteric liquid crystals with a change of temperature to change their color, permitted author to develop a device for diagnosing breast cancer among women, which is convenient for women during diagnostics, allowing to obtain a high-quality, contrasting with high accuracy color image of benign or malignant tumors. The use of the property of cholesteric liquid crystals with temperature change to change their color permitted to develop a musical color device that makes it possible to "animate" the image on the panel with a multi-colored color in accordance with the frequency spectrum of the signal emanating from the electronic music device and an indicator of sorption processes, which provides an indication of the coverage of the collector of the mineral surface by a simple, safe, fast and cheap method.
Quasicrystal to Pervade Electronic Subsidies
Epitaxial growth of quasicrystals on crystals has shown differential behavior as per associated tile on the uniform crystal. A quasicrystal is an ordered arrangement of atoms with no vacancy while no order in symmetry arranges. Henceforth, both short and long-range have subjected differential performance to changes in properties like electronic abilities in consequence of tiles subjected. Simple assess of quasicrystal studied as the possibility of basic triangle allocation in hexagon, either by number within hexagon or beyond. The deposition technique introduced interface preparation of films made from either crystal on quasicrystal or quasicrystal on the crystal. The difference in tilt between the two planes is secure as usual as understudies of pseudomorphic matter. Askew from additive features from usual Fermi band allocate has interposed poses from additive scheme to subject allocate of semiconduction under dielectric quasi-Fermi banded formation. The ethical scheme has linked metamaterial for the formation of quasicrystal photonic characteristics. Quasicrystals have been subjected to solid-state physics and photonics engineering. Quasi-periodic structures have exhibited long-range translational order and orientational symmetry from atomic lattices without periodicity and translational symmetry. Photonic quasicrystals (PQCs) have larger degrees of freedom in modifying optical properties, compared to usual photonic crystals. Subjectively PQCs and PC have interpreted many common features, nevertheless, concepts such as Brillouin zone and Bloch theorem have invalidated for PCQs, hence secure has schemed by analyzing PQC structures through concepts of Pseudo-Brillouin zone (PBZ).
Role of Plant-based Natural Products in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus is caused by the elevation of blood sugar levels and has become a serious health concern worldwide with the number of cases steadily increasing annually. Due to the increased side effects and costs associated with the use of conventional drugs, alternative treatment methods that use natural compounds from medicinal plants have been researched. This review summarizes the recent advances and discoveries of plant based natural compounds used for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes as well as their mechanisms of action, which include the inhibition of carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes, reducing oxidative stress, modifying the activity of the PPARγ receptor, and modifying the activity of glucose transporters. We also describe the most prevalent classes of chemical compounds that have been shown to exhibit significant antidiabetic activity, thereby showing promise for development into novel drug molecules. These classes include polysaccharides, polyphenols, alkaloids, terpenes and quinones among others. .
Control the Air Pollutants by Chemical Methods
Air pollution is increasing very rapidly nowadays. It has affected the life of all the living organisms in various forms. One such reason can also be termed as air pollutant. This problem cannot be resolved only by controlling the air pollutants through its various sources but by also treating the existing air pollutants through effective methods. Thus, this review paper deals with the control of air pollutants by one such method which is: “Chemical Control of Air Pollutants.” The review paper enlightens about the types and sources of air pollutants, their effect on nature and the air quality indices which measures the level of air pollution in a particular area. Further the chemical treatment of the pollutants starts with the collection and pre-treatment of the air pollutants. This paper describes that the pollutants control can be done chemically by three methods. The first process deals with the chemical processing through non-thermal plasma technique using the plasma reactors for the selective control of pollutants. The use of barium titanate as a catalyst is discussed. Further, nonthermal MnO2 catalyzed decomposition of the HAPs was found that the MnO2 fused nonthermal reactors are highly effective. The second process is used in reducing the pollutants in the coal fired boilers mainly the nitrogen and Sulphur dioxides. The last process is the co-control of the various pollutants and deals with the benefits of this process over the other process. It further discusses the five types of measures to be given emphasis. It concludes that the end of pipe measure does not show the co-control effect at all. Rest four measures are good in the co-control methods.
Volumetric and Viscometric Studies of Molecular Interactions in Binary Mixtures of Butylamine and Iso-butylamine with 1-decanol at Different Temperatures
The increasing use of alkylamine and alkanol in various chemical and industrial processes encouraged investigation on the thermodynamic and transporting properties of alkylamine, alkanol and their mixtures for obtaining extensive information. Excess molar volume (VE), deviation in viscosity (Dh) and excess Gibbs free energy of activation of viscous flow (G*E) have been calculated from measured densities and viscosities of pure butylamine / iso-butylamine, 1-decanol and their twelve binary mixtures covering the entire composition range at 293, 303 and 313 K. The variation of these parameters confirmed that hydrogen bonded type of interactions are present between the unlike molecules of binary mixtures and also observed that extent of interactions decreases with increase in temperature. Furthermore, the viscosity data have been correlated with the equations of Grunberg-Nissan, Tamura-Kurata, Hind-Ubbelohde, Katti-Choudhari, Bingham, Additive relation of Arrhenius-Eyring and Kendall-Munroe and Katti-Choudhari relation found less deviations with experimental viscosities for both the systems investigated.
Copyright (c) 2019 Journal of Modern Chemistry & Chemical Technology
Study of Coke-oven Gas Desulphurization and Methods to Improve Sulphur Quality
The coke-oven gas has high calorific value and can be used for the burning process. The coke-oven gas coming out from the coke-oven department contains impurities like Sulphur, Ammonia, Tar, and Naphthalene. Sulphur is the major impurity; it is very harmful and poisonous to the environment. So the removal of sulphur plays an important role in the purification of coke-oven gas. The sulphur extraction can be done by absorption using NaOH. NaOH is a good absorber of H2S gas. The cleaned coke-oven gas can be recycled back for the burning of coal. The sulphur extracted is of low quality, so by using different methods of desulphurization, the sulphur can be purified. Sulphur quality enrichment process by using the output sulphur from the desulphurization pilot plant shows different kind of results. The sulphur quality increases to more than 90% by using different organic solvents like benzene, CCl4, CS2, and water of different temperatures. The sulphur quality increased to 90% by dissolving the sulphur paste in water at moderate temperature of 45–55°C and increased to 97% by dissolving it in water of temperature 60–70°C. These investigative studies have given some of the conclusions regarding the reasons for sulphur purity, steps to remove the impurities, and methods to improve the sulphur purity.
Synthesis and Biological Screening of Some New3,5-Disubstituted-2-Isoxazolines
Series of novel 3,5-disubstituted-2-isoxazolines have been synthesized via 1,3-dipolarcycloaddition reactions. All the synthesised compounds were confirmed by spectroscopic methods evaluated for their antimicrobial activity and were compared with the standard drugs. The compounds demonstrated potent to weak antimicrobial activity
Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticle by Self Assembly Method and Catalytic Application
Iron oxide nanoparticle is a kind of novel functional material, which has been used in biotechnology and catalysis. In this study, the iron oxide nanoparticle was synthesized by self-assembly method and characterized by XRD, FT-IR, SEM and AFM analyses. The synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles were used for the catalytic degradation of a synthetic dye, Direct Red 7 (DR7). Iron oxide nanoparticles with H2O2 degraded the dye more effectively when compared to ferrous sulphate with H2O2 system. The percentage dye decolourisation was estimated from the UV-visible data. COD analysis was performed to assess the percentage dye degradation. The synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles yielded 100% decolourisation and 75% degradation
Temperature-Programmed Reduction Studies on Fe-promoted Pt/Al2O3 Bimetallic Catalysts
Pt/Al2O3-based bimetallic catalysts were prepared using surface organometallic method (SOMC) to obtain catalysts with a nominal promoter to platinum surface atomic ratio of 1:2 and 1:1 (corresponding to typically 0.2–0.4 mass% of the promoting metals; here Fe). Temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) studies showed two distinct temperature regions of hydrogen uptake during reduction by the parent Pt/Al2O3 (5 mass%) and the Fe-promoted catalysts. The shift in peak maxima in the case of promoted catalysts to higher temperatures has been interpreted as a result of creation of interfacial sites responsible for improved performance of the bimetallic catalysts. Thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetric studies, performed in air and under H2/N2 atmosphere, supported the TPR results and confirmed the stability of catalytic systems up to 600°C.
Production of Portland Cement using Moroccan Oil Shale
Like the use of coal ash from power plants as an addition to cement, oil shale are used for cement production on an industrial scale in Estonia, China, USA and Germany.Oil shale can be utilized in manufacturing the cement. In addition to the utilization of these by-products after combustion, it can also reduce the required temperature for the clinkering reactions during the production of Portland clinker. We performed a study on the Moroccan oil shale to maximize the use of oil shale ash in the manufacturing of Portland cement. We found that Moroccan oil shale ash can be used up 30% with 70% Portland clinker without altering its principle properties. The corresponding temperature required to generate the required liquid for the clinkering reactions as well as the essential ingredients for clinker was found to be around of 850 to 1000°C. The operating temperatures for this optimized blend ratio were found to 1000. The resulting Portland clinker from this ratio will need further testing in accordance with international standards for Portland cement to examine properties like strength, setting time
Plasticizers for Processing Biopolymers: A Mini Review
This study was performed in order to understand the types of plasticizers used for the fabrication of bioplastics. Journal articles from peer-reviewed journals were studied in order to understand the level of work that has so far been completed. It was found that great deal of hydrophobic and hydrophilic plasticizers are used currently for the preparation of bioplastics from polylactic acid, soy protein isolate and starch. There is large amount of published work on this topic and important details and findings are included in this mini review
Consumption of Carbon from Environment by RALSTONIA EUTROPHA via Chemolithoautotrophic Metabolic Pathway
Ralstonia eutropha can grow autotrophically and are capable of consuming carbon from the environmental carbon dioxide via chemolithoautotrophic metabolic pathway. The optimum growth of the organisms was obtained at 30 0C, pH 6.5 and 7 days. 93% of carbon consumption was obtained after 192 hours at 30 0C.
Comparative Study of Commercial Crystalline Waterproofing Admixtures on the Hydration Properties of Cement Pastes
Three different types (K, P, and X) of crystalline water proofing admixture have been chosen to study the effect on Portland cement (OPC) pastes. Several studies such as water consistency, setting time, water percolation, heat evolution, differential thermal analysis (DTA), compressive strength and expansion in corrosive atmosphere for the OPC with admixtures in it were performed. Morphology studies of OPC with the admixtures were also carried out. Results indicated better efficiency of K-Type admixture due to the presence of dendrite structure as revealed from scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Review on Textile Antimicrobial activity imparting by silver follow a line of investigation
The present review aims to analyze the potential use of silver to propose innovative medical textile materials and their antimicrobial possession research. The paper provides data on the interest to use these silver particles to functionalize on the textile substrate and details the main applications of textile finishing. Further, the present work focuses on the coating of silver particles through electrospinning method. At length, it analyzes the improvement of the performances of cytotoxicity. This review aims to summarize previous antimicrobial studies of silver particles towards its application in the expectations studies as biocompatible and non biocompatible coating agents
The Advanced Foam Materials Production in Microgravity using the Process of Vibroturbulization
Recently, the task of the intensification of the existing technological processes using the intensive mixing of different environment, which are characterized by different densities (water + gas, water + solid particles + gas, water + oil so forth) is actual. The conducted studies determined that at a certain frequency and vibration acceleration of vibration, a resonant phenomenon occurs— vibroturbulization, in which the above of the fluid surface air in a vibrating vessel with fluid takes an active part in the intense mixing of several immiscible fluids and in the formation of a homogeneous mixture. Shoikhedbrod presented the theoretical model and calculation of the physical parameters of vibroturbulization process, which were used in the intensification of existing technological processes (floatation) and in the development of completely new technological processes: advanced foam materials production, uniform fully dense ceramics production, and biodiesel destruction prevention during storage and transportation. The paper presents the results of theoretical modeling of features of the process of vibroturbulization, taking place in conditions of microgravity, which permitted to develop a new method of an advanced foam materials production in microgravity using the above of the matrix melt surface air from microdispersed air bubbles in a vibrating vessel as a filler and purposeful injection of the “working pillow” from microdispersed air bubbles, formed in the process of vibroturbulization, into the matrix melt by increasing of the vibration frequency as foaming of the matrix melt by a filler. The practical realization of the developed method in microgravity conditions was confirmed during of tests aboard of flying laboratory aircraft IL-76K.
Role of Redox-Couples for Generation of Electrical Energy in Dye Sensitized Solar Cell
Growing concern of rise in fossil fuel prices and environmental degradation have led to the world’s interest in renewable energy sources. Out of various renewable energy sources, solar energy is freely available and commercially viable source for electrical energy generation. It is one of the most resourceful sources of energy for the future.The conversion of solar energy into electrical energy can be done by DSS cells. DSS cell is based on dye sensitization technique, in which electron ejection by the photosensitized dyes is randomly transferred to a vacant site where they will be localized for a period of time that depends on the trap site depth relative to the conduction bond.Electron may also be transformed to the oxidized dyes. In this research article, we studied on the role of redox-couple forgeneration of electrical energy in DSS cell. The results of cell are observed in terms of photopotential, photocurrent, fill factor, conversion efficiency, and cell performance.
Grafting of Methyl Methacrylate onto Starch Initiated by Ceric Ion as an Initiator in Presence of Nitric Acid as Activator
Natural polymers with improved structure have been securing increasing value in the industry as they are abundant, cheap, and biodegradable. Graft copolymerization is one of the effective ways to enhance the properties of natural polymers. Starch based graft copolymers are becoming increasingly important due to their remarkable adhesion, high water absorbency, and biodegradability. Methyl methacrylate (MMA) grafted onto starch by using the ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as a redox initiator in the presence of nitric acid in aqueous medium to form grafted copolymer (Starch-g- PMMA) was investigated. The grafting reaction was carried out under stream of nitrogen gas. The impact of different reaction parameters to achieve the highest percent grafting (%G) has been studied by determining the initiator concentration, monomer concentration, time (hours), nitric acid concentration, and polymerization temperature. The % G was found to be 97%. Evidence of grafting was characterized and confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The peaks at 1736.70 cm-1 and 3449.78 cm-1 indicates that MMA has been successfully grafted to starch. %G was found to be decreased at higher than 70°C, after 2 hours of reaction time, with an increase of MMA monomer concentration, initiator concentration, and with HNO3 concentration. The highest percent grafting was obtained at the parameters of 1 g starch, 70°C, 2 hours, 2 mmol CAN, 140 mmol MMA and 0.4 mmol HNO3.
Synthesis of Novel Series of Coumarin Derivatives
In a synthetic method similar to Knoevenagel reaction, 3-acetyl coumarin was prepared in the same way through a cyclization condensation reaction between salicylaldehyde and ethyl acetoacetate under basic condition using piperidine. Hence, 3-acetyl coumarin as a starting material was reacted with bromine in ether using a Lewis acid as a reaction catalyst to produce the corresponding α–bromoaceyl cromen-2-one derivative. In application of Hantzsch synthesis, the reaction of α–bromoaceyl cromen-2-one with thioacetamide in ether afforded a 3-methylthiazolyl cromen-2-one derivative also by a cyclization condensation reaction. On the other hand, the α–bromoaceyl cromen-2-one was also reacted with potassium thiocyanide in ethanol affording an α–cyanoaceyl cromen-2-one derivative. The latter was then reacted with phenyldiazonium and 3-methoxyphenyldiazonium salts in sodium acetate solution affording their corresponding hydrazonyl derivatives as Schiffs’ bases. Purity of the synthesized compounds was checked with thin layer chromatography techniques and melting point measurements before and after recrystallization. All the physical and spectral data of the synthesized compounds have been measured
Gluconic Acid: Properties, Microbial Production and Applications in Food and Agriculture: Critical Review
Gluconic acid is one of the most essential natural acids and is moderately obtained from glucose by unpretentious oxidation response process. The response is simplified through glucose dehydrogenase bacteria such as (Gluconobacter) and enzyme glucose oxidase (fungi). The production of gluconic acid by microbes is the desired procedure. The typical broadly applied fermentation technique is summarized by using fungi (Aspergillus niger). Derivatives for gluconic acid; the main ones like sodium gluconate, have big implementations in the agricultural and food industries. Gluconic acid is used in many applications in pharmaceuticals, food, textile, cement industries, metal chelating agent, leather, beverages and dairy. Gluconic acid produced by fermentation process include fungi is well established commercially. Therefore the mechanism of fermentation processes, efficient microorganism are used to give high yields, more economical process, efficient conversion of carbon sources from cheap substrates for production gluconic acid with more yield and quality. This review offers an extensive analytical study for the gluconic acid strategy industry and applications in food and agriculture. Also, this modern article completely includes study of the literature of modern years on the expansion of global market production for the gluconic acid.
Copyright (c) 2020 Journal of Modern Chemistry & Chemical Technology
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of New Heterocyclic Compound Containing 5-Bromobenzofuran
Several pyridine derivatives were synthesized via reaction of 2-acetyl 5-bromobenzofuran and 1,3-diphenyl-1 H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde 2 gave chalcone 3 which was exploited as a starting material. Structures of newly synthesized derivatives were confirmed by elemental analysis, spectral data, chemical transformation and alternative synthetic route whenever possible. Also, the newly synthesized derivatives were screened towards some microorganism.
Comparative Study of Production of Acrylic Acid from Two Different Starting Materials: Propane and Propylene
Acrylic acid is one of the most important raw materials for a number of products. There are several reaction pathways to produce this important commodity chemical. One of the most conventionally used methods involves the manufacture from propylene as the starting material; which is created as a by-product from industrial cracking of heavy hydrocarbons. However more propane reserves are discovered recently which highlights the opportunity to produce acrylic acid from propane. In this work, steady state simulation and optimization of production of acrylic acid from both propylene and propane is investigated. All steady state simulations were carried out using Honeywell Unisim Design suite. Pinch analysis and heat integration were carried out using an open source HEN software HINT. Along with it, the advantages of propane to acrylic acid pathway over propylene to acrylic acid is discussed with simulation and utility data.
Studies on Extraction of Bioflavonoids from Seeds of Cucumis melo
Cucumis melo belongs to Cucurbitaceae family. It contains high-content of bioflavonoids (quercetin and rutin) and phenolic compounds. It shows various pharmacological activities like anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-ulcer, anti-diabetic, anti-helminthic. In this research, the optimization of physico-chemical parameters like effects of different solvents, solvent percentages, pH, extraction time and particle mesh size for the extraction of bioflavanoids from seeds of Cucumis melo have been studied. For the extraction of quercetin, the optimum results were ethyl acetate solvent, 100% solvent, pH 6, 24 h time with 120 mesh size and the concentration was found to be 21 μg/ml. For the extraction of rutin, the optimum results were ethanol solvent, 80% solvent, pH 7, 12 h time with 120 mesh size and the concentration was found to be 23 μg/ml. In the soxhlet extraction process, the bioflavonoid concentrations show finest results at minimum time period. The quercetin and rutin concentrations were found to be 32 and 28 μg/ml at 5 h.
Biomining to Providing New Adage in Explore
This article summarizes some forms of bio-remediation. Bio-prospecting for microorganisms from saline and metal contaminated environments enhance adaption at increasing ionic strengths in arid complex ionic strength without fresh water. Esteemed microbe encountered metals are V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Ag, Cd and Pb as well as Au and Ag; nevertheless metalloid pervades were As, Se, Sb, etc. Microorganisms’ adaptability has ever rescued to validate presence from ionic sub-ducted metal and metalloid forms. Developments of microorganisms have primary issue to compete digestive accumulation of metallic ions at cell boundaries. To subsidize some specific metal ion pairs or several prohibition subsidizers are allocated during microbial activities. Ligand stated that there is a need to arrange about the shells of organic-in-metallo-in-chemical such as to simulate the coordination number of the ionic state.
Analyses of minerals and elemental oxides in rocks from Waltadi district, Song, Adamawa state Nigeria
Rock samples from six locations namely: Wataldi, Teuta, Kubta, Gumta, Dumneza and Wazo, within Waltadi district of Song Local government, Adamawa State, Nigeria, were studied qualitatively and quantitatively using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) respectively. Results obtained showed the presence of minerals including: Quartz, albite, rutile, sylvine, barite, chalcopyrite, kaonilite, anatase, stolzite, marshitecovellite and fluorannite. The major elemental oxides obtained includes: silicon oxide (SiO2), aluminium oxide (Al2O3), ferric oxide (Fe2O3), calcium oxide (CaO), Magnesium oxide (MgO), potassium oxide (K2O), sodium oxide(Na2O) and sulfur trioxide. Minor oxides were also obtained, where lead, cerium, indium, vanadium, titanium, and barium were found in trace amounts except in Teuta, where barium oxide and titanium oxide were recorded in relatively higher percentages. The highest loss on ignition (LOI) values were recorded in Dumne-za and Waltadi (5.12 % and 4.28 % respectively), while the lowest value was in Teuta (0.98 %). LOI results indicated that hydrothermal alteration in the rock samples differs: however, the magnitudes fall within low to moderate range.
Multifunctional Polymer Composites to Manufacture Assistive Device for Locomotor Disable Persons
Among the synthetic fibers, the glass fibers are most popularly used in fiber for reinforced in engineering polymers matrix, as they offer excellent stiffness and strength, impact resistance and thermal stability at a low price to manufacture various assistive devices. The carbon fibers were applied as an alternative of glass fibers, where maximum stiffness is required. The aim of this article is, to give an overview of an experimental comparison between popular assistive devices manufacturing polymer pristine polyethylene, pristine polypropylene with epoxy based composites reinforced with carbon and hybrid of glass/carbon fibers. The various filler concentration loaded epoxy composites were manufactured, compared and tested under tensile, flexural and fatigue test condition to improve the mechanical properties, increase the lifetime of the assistive devices, reduce the cost to the patient. The results showed that the hybrid carbon/glass fiber reinforced polyurethane composites achieve a generous increment in mechanical properties as compared with pristine polypropylene and polyethylene, respectively. The fatigue life was sharply increased in both of the glass fiber and hybrid carbon/glass fiber reinforced composites. A summary of established methods for characterization of fibers, polymers and composites completes this article.
Biodegradation of Plastic Through Waxworm (Order- Lepidoptera; Family- Pyralidae): Review
Plastic is synthetic polymer. It is derived from fossil oil. It is resistant to biodegradation. Near about ninety two percent of the plastic belong to Polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP). Both of them are largely utilized in packaging Production of plastic production has increased exponentially in the last few years. Innovative and eco-friendly solutions for plastic degradation are urgently required. Ever increasing water pollution, soil pollution and closing of landfill sites problems have led to concern about plastics. With the excessive use of plastics and increasing pressure being placed on capacities available for plastic waste disposal, the need for biodegradable plastics and biodegradation of plastic wastes has assumed increasing importance in the last few years. Awareness of the waste problem and its impact on the environment has awakened new interest in the area of degradable polymers. The interest in environmental issues is growing and there are increasing demands to develop material which do not burden the environment significantly. Biodegradation is necessary for water-soluble or water-immiscible polymers because they eventually enter streams which can neither be recycled nor incinerated. It is important to consider the microbial degradation of natural and synthetic polymers in order to understand what is necessary for biodegradation and the mechanisms involved. The waxworms metabolize polyethylene plastic films into ethylene glycol to a compound which biodegrades rapidly. This unusual ability to digest matter classically thought of as non-edible may originate with the waxworm's ability to digest beeswax. Two strains of bacteria, Enterobacter asburiae and Bacillus sp, isolated from the guts of Plodia interpunctella waxworms, have been shown to decompose polyethylene in laboratory testing.
Quality Assessment of Water Samples from East Godavari
Water quality for irrigation purposes is very important. In present study the water samples are collected from both Raja mahendra varam (RJY) and Kakinada (KKD) of East Godavari District, local areas of Andhra Pradesh, India from water sources like Ponds, Canals, Bore wells in summer season in the month of May 2019. The water samples were analyzed to determine the concentration of physico-chemical parameters to assess the quality of water such as pH, Electrical Conductivity [EC], Carbonates, Bicarbonates, Sodium, Magnesium, Chloride, Potassium, Calcium, Total Dissolved Salts [TDS], Sodium Adsorption Ratio [SAR], which were analyzed in laboratory in a systematic procedure. Results showed that Electrical Conductivity, Sodium, Magnesium, Chlorides, Calcium, concentrations are normal, Carbonate and Bicarbonate are low and Total Dissolved Salts and Sodium Adsorption Ratio are damage the crops. According to the hydro chemical study of the samples there is a need to improve the quality of water for safety purposes and also for crop improvement. Finally the analysis reveals that the water needs treatment before consumption and irrigation purpose.
Efficiency of Garamycin for the Control of Bacterial Disease: Flacherrie in the Larval Instars of Silkworm, Bombyx mori (L) (Race: Double Hybrid)
Flacherrie, the bacterial disease is the most significant parameter associated with the loss of silk yield. The loss of appetite; discharge watery feces and vomiting are the common symptoms of infection of bacteria to the larval instars of silkworm, Bombyx mori (L). The present attempt is dealing with utilization of antibiotic compound for the control of bacterial disease: flacherrie in the larval instars of silkworm, Bombyx mori (L) (Race: Bivoltine Double Hybrid). For the bacterial pathogens, the diseased black thorax septicemia infected larvae of silkworm, Bombyx mori (L) were crushed through the use of using mortar and pestle; the solution was filtered; the filtrate was centrifuged (at 4000-5000 rpm) for ten minutes; the precipitate (in the form of pellet) was used for bacterial inoculum. The bacterial sample (inoculum) was streaked in Luria Agar under aseptic conditions and processed for incubation (at 37ºC overnight). After 24 hours, the growth of bacteria was noticed, and it was further processed for sub culture. A bacterial sample was taken through the use of loop; centrifuged for 15 minutes at 4000 rpm and the precipitate (in the form of pellet) was dissolved in distilled water. Soon after the second moult, larval instars were divided into four groups (Untreated control group; Water treated group; Bacterial inoculum treated (infected) group and the group treated with Garamycin antibiotics, each with hundred individuals. The larvae of bacterial inoculum treated (infected) group and the group of larvae for antibiotics treatment were infected (treated) with the aqueous solution of bacterial inoculum. This treatment was carried out through smearing the solution bacterial solution onto the surface of leaves of mulberry, Morus alba (L) (M.5 Variety) leaf surface. The treated leaves were allowed for draining. The treated leaves were fed four times to the third instar larvae on the first day (100 grams of leaves for the group of hundred larvae for each time). For the second day and third day, the larvae were fed with normal untreated mulberry leaves. The water treated group of larvae was fed with mulberry leaves smeared with distilled water. The larvae of untreated control and antibiotics treated group were fed with normal untreated leaves for the days: first, second and third. The antibiotics treatment was followed on the fourth day of the third instar. Hundred grams of mulberry leaves were immersed in four hundred milliliter aqueous solution of Garamycin (40 microgam/ml distal water) for half an hour. The leaves were drained completely. The Garamycin treated leaves were used for the feeding on the fourth day (four feedings at the rate of 100 grams of leaves for the group of hundred larvae for each time). Thereafter, the larvae were fed with untreated mulberry leaves to all the groups of larvae of third, fourth and fifth instars. The haemolymph from the larvae (ten larvae from each group) was collected on the fifth day of the fifth instar and processed for electrophoresis. The hundred percent effective rate of rearing (ERR) were reported for the Garamycin treated group. Single female cocoon weight: 1.564 (±0.429) units with the shell ratio: 24.744 units and single male cocoon weight: 1.193 (±0.055) with the shell ratio: 22.967 units were reported for the Garamycin treated group. The variation was detected in the pattern of banding of the protein with significant polymorphism (88.3 percent) with two bands of monomorphic nature; twelve bands of polymorphic nature and three bands of “unique” nature.
Utilization of the Sibininto treat the DMBA Induced Hepatotoxicity and Free-Radical Damage in Norwegian Rat, Rattus norvegicus (L).
DMBA is abbreviated form of the 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. It is working as immuno-suppressor. It also serves as a tumor initiator. It allows for a greatly accelerated rate of growth of tumor and making many cancer studies possible. The plant, Silybum marianum (L) yields pharmacologically active compound named as silbinin. The silbinin deserve documented antioxidant activity. The purpose of this study was to assess this silbinin for protective influence in DMBA induced liver damage. The experimental animals (Norwegian Rat, Rattus norvegicus L) were divided into four groups, like control group (received oral corn oil ); DMBA group (received oral at the rate of 335 mg/kg in the corn oil solution); Silibinin group (received 100 mg/kg/day silibinin alone orally, every 24 hours for 7 days) and “Silibinin + DMBA” group (received DMBA plus silibinin). All animals were sacrificed at the end of attempt of schedule of treatment followed by rearing. The tissues used for biochemical assessment were blood and liver. The blood serum was assessed for the parameters that include: Superoxide dismutases (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), nitric oxide (NO) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were investigated in serum and liver tissue. In addition, serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzyme activities. The homogenate of liver tissue was evaluated histopathologically with Hematoxilin & Eosin dye. The ALT, AST, NO, MPO in serum and NO, MPO in liver tissue were found to be significantly higher in DIMBA treated group in comparison with control group (P < 0.001). In Group: Silibinin + DMBA, serum AST, ALT, NO, MPO levels were significantly lower (P < 0.01), and both serum and tissue SOD activities were significantly higher, compared to DMBA group (P < 0.001). DMBA induced histopathological changes in liver tissue include : severe sinusoidal dilatation, moderate disruption of the radial alignment of hepatocytes around the central vein, severe vacuolization in the hepatocyte cytoplasm, inflammation around central vein and portal region. In rats receiving both DMBA and silibinin, the DMBA induced changes accounted for less sinusoidal dilatation, vacuolization in the hepatocyte cytoplasm and the inflammation around central vein and portal region (P < 0.05). Silibinin exert reduction in the oxidative stress through inducing antioxidant mechanisms, there after showing protective effect against DMBA induced hepatic damage.
Topical Application of Acetone Solution of Cucurbitacin-A at 48 Hours After the Fourth Moult on the Parameters of Cocoon Spinned by Mature fifth instar larvae of Silkworm, Bombyx mori (L) [Race: Double Hybrid - (CSR6 x CSR26) x CSR2 x CSR27)].
The topical application of acetone solution of Cucurbitacin-A at 48 hours after the fourth moult to the fifth instared larvae of silkworm, Bombyx mori (L) [Race: Double Hybrid - (CSR6 x CSR26) x CSR2 x CSR27)] was found significant influence on the parameteres of the silk cocoon and silk fibre. The weight of whole cocoon (deflossed), silk shell weight, weight of pupa and silk shell percentage or ratio in the group receipient of topical application of acetone solution of Cucurbitacin-A at 48 hours after the fourth moult was recorded 2.786** (±0.558); 0.917**(±0.057); 1.869 and 32.914*** respectively. The length of silk fibre (in meter); weight of silk fibre (in gram) and denier scale silk fibre obtained through reeling the cocoons harvested from the group of larvae receipient of topical application of acetone solution of Cucurbitacin-A at 48 hours after the fourth moult were recorded 1476.36* (±128.51); 0.793** (±0.114) and 4.834*** respectively.
A Valuable Insight into the Microwave Heating Vs Conventional Heating for Fused Heterocyclic Nucleus Synthesis
This paper includes comparison between the microwave synthesis and conventional synthesis for fused heterocyclic nucleus. This comparison shows that’s microwave irradiation take less time than conventional heating. And also gives more resultant product than conventional heating. Now a day’s microwave irradiation is widely used for synthesis because it gives purity product or it has low operating cost. The technique can use to synthesize large number of organic molecules with safe, clean, fast, efficient and economical way. In both methods microwave heating method is eco-friendly. Keywords: Microwave synthesis, Conventional synthesis, fused heterocyclic compounds, Drug discovery, Lead compound.
Five Point Circle for the Triangular Form of Double Reciprocal (Lineweaver-Burk) Plot in Enzyme Biochemistry
The nine circle in geometry desrve significance of correlation with circumscribed circle, inscribed circle and the Euler line for a triangle. The nine significant concyclic points on the circle recognized by the triangle include: the midpoint of each side of the triangle; the foot point of each altitude and the midpoint of the line segment from each vertex of the triangle to the orthocenter (where the three altitudes meet; these line segments lie on their respective altitudes). The present attempt is dealing with utilization of principle of “Nine point circle” in understanding the concept of relations between the concentration of substrate [S] and the velocity (v) of enzyme controlled reactions in biochemistry. The steps of the attempt include: determination of mid points of three sides of the triangular form of double reciprocal plot; foot point of each line segment forming the altitude of a triangular form of double reciprocal plot; the midpoint of the line segment from each vertex of the triangle to the point representing the orthocenter of the triangular form of double reciprocal plot and determination of center for expected circle in triangular form of double reciprocal plot. Significant feature of triangular form of double reciprocal (Lineweaver-Burk) plot in present attempt is right angled triangle. The mid points of the three sides of triangular form of double reciprocal (Lineweaver-Burk) plot are easy for location. Being a right angle triangle, the orthocenter of triangular form of double reciprocal (Lineweaver-Burk) plot in present attempt coincides with the vertex at the right angle. The right angled vertex of triangular form is serving not only as the orthocenter, but also as the foot point for the base segment and the height segment. The segment perpendicular to real form of double reciprocal (Lineweaver-Burk) plot and passing through the right angled vertex give the third altitude foot point. The mid point of base segment and height segment constitute the mid point of the segment passing from vertex to the orthocenter. The five significant points resulted on circle include: B, D, E, F and G. The x and y co-ordinates of point “B” are: 1 and (1÷Vmax) respectively. The x and y co-ordinates of point “D” are: [(1÷2)] and [(Km+2) ÷ 2Vmax)] respectively. The x and y co-ordinates of point “E” are: [(1÷1)] and [(Km+2) ÷ 2Vmax)] respectively. The x and y co-ordinates of point “F” are: (1÷2) and (1÷Vmax) respectively. The x and y co-ordinates of point “G” are: [(Vmax2) ÷ (Vmax2+Km2] and [Km(Vmax2+Km)+Vmax2]÷ [(Vmax2+Km2)Vmax] respectively. Therefore, the resulted circle is titled as, “Five Point Circle for the Triangular Form of Double Reciprocal (Lineweaver-Burk) Plot in Enzyme Biochemistry”.
Fabrication of Citric Acid Using Molasses by Aspergillus niger
Citric acid is an organic acid with abundant industrial bid. It is lengthily used in the food and beverage industry as it combines an enjoyable taste with low toxicity and sugariness. It was prepared from disparate materials like from molasses and other similar material. Whereas, some of the molasses is used for making of ethanol. But the leftover has been exported to overseas. This paper is studied, the utilization of molasses to use as a raw material for the yield production by considering under different fermentation conditions using Aspergillus niger. The effect of temperature (25, 30, and 35℃), fermentation time (96, 144, 196h) and pH (2, 4, and 6) of fermentation condition for citric acid yield test result were investigated. In optimization study the experimental design was done by Design Expert software and Response Surface with 3- level and for three factors factorial design type. Based on the above software the lowest yield was found 20.23 g/L afterwards the fermentation time of 96hour, with temperature of 25℃ and pH of2. A maximum yield of 40.08 g/L was attained under the selected optimal condition of (fermentation time 156h, temperature 30℃ and pH 3.89) with high value of collective allure. From the model regression equation developed, the linear terms of temperature, and time had a positive effect and a pH had a negative effect on response yield. The pure and interaction quadratic terms had an undesirable outcome on extraction of the yield excluding fermentation time and pH contact. Cultivation time had a more substantial linear effect on the product as matched to fermentation pH and temperature. The eminence of the yield attained under improved complaint was considered with Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. The results revealed that the heavy metal content of the sample was below detection limit except Iron and purity of 99.2% respectively. The study indicated that utilization of molasses for citric acid production is considered not only as a positive option in terms of reducing imported citric acid, but also, as an attractive option in means of providing job opportunity and minimizing environmental pollution.
Autophagy: Therapeutic Approach For Cancer Treatment
Intracellular catabolic degradation of lysosomal components is called as autophagy. The autophagy is working for “Cellular Garbage Disposal and Intracellular Recycling”. It serves to orchestrate the process of cellular homeostasis. It is achieved through elimination of superfluous or damaged proteins and organelles; through invading microbes; through the provision of substrates for energy generation and through the biosynthesis in stress. The autophagy promotes the cellular health and there by the health of body of animal. The autophagy is critical for development, differentiation and maintenance of working of the cell. It also play key role in the host defense against pathogens. The cancer is a complex process. In cancer cell, the autophagy exerts its influence in multiple ways. The role of autophagy in cancer is context dependent. Chronic tissue damage and cell death can lead to the initiation of cancer. In cancer cell, the autophagy is working as a cytoprotective survival pathway. The autophagy prevents chronic tissue damage and cell death. With this reference, the stimulation or restoration of autophagy may prevent cancer. In practical sense, the cancer cells deserve capability of utilization of autophagy for enhancement of their fitness and ability of survival with altered metabolism. In this reference, strategy of inhibition of autophagy is the need for treatment for cancer.
Qualitative and Quantitative Yield in the Radish Crop Through the Utilization of rhizobacteria, Pseudomonas trivialis (L) and Earthworm, Eudrilus eugenae (L).
The specific density of earthworm in soil and the microorganisms in soil are correlated with each other. The fruitful interactions among soil microorganisms and the earthworms in soil serve to orchestrate the process of improvement in the crop yield. The Pseudomonas trivialis (L) is a deleterious rhizobacterial species. This rhizobacterial species is recognized for the production of Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) (the plant growth promoting hormone). The present attempt deals with use of Pseudomonas trivialis (L) rhizobacteria in different concentrations (CFU/ml) (0; 106; 107 and 108) for analysis of qualitative parameters of radish, Raphanus sativus (L) in presence and in absence of earthworms. With reference to biomass above ground and total Presence of rhizobacteria, Pseudomonas trivialis (L), earthworms were found enhancing growth of the radish, Rhaphanus sativus (L), the response of presence of earthworm was found significant over the control. The biomass of radish, Rhaphanus sativus (L) below ground was also found improved. The titers of inoculum of rhizobacteria, Pseudomonas trivialis (L) was found significant for Radish biomass promoting influence in vermin-field. The present attempt reporting rhizobacterial inoculum of about 108 CFU/ml as the most suitable for excellent biomass production of radish, Rhaphanus sativus (L). The system of “Vermi-field with rhizobacterial population” should be utilized efficiently radish crop yield.
Gas chromatography mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectral analyses of Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. pod methanol extract
This study was aimed at the elucidation of the bioactive compounds present in methanol extracts of Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. Pod using Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) techniques. The GC-MS mass spectra of the identified compounds were compared with those of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) database library. The results confirmed the presence of five compounds including Pentasiloxane, 1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7,9,9-decamethyl-, Heptasiloxane, hexadecamethyl-, Methyl glycocholate, 3TMS derivative, (5á)Pregnane-3,20á-diol, 14à,18à-[4-methyl-3-oxo-(1-oxa-4-azabutane-1,4 -diyl)]-, diacetate, Cyclodecasiloxane, eicosamethyl were found in methanol extracts. The presence of these bioactive compounds in the plant offers a platform for the traditional use of Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. in treatment of various diseases. The FTIR spectroscopic studies revealed the presence of these functional groups: C-F stretch (1018.08 ), C – O stretch (1112.70), (-C-H) Bending, stretch (1409.04), (C=C) stretch (1647.62), (N-H) stretch (2832.78), (C-H) stretch (2943.06), (O-H) (stretch, H- bonded) (3321.22) in the pod extracts.
The Aqueous Solution of Antibiotics Norfloxacin for Total Protein Contents in the Fifth Instar Larvae of Silkworm, Bombyx mori (L) (Double Hybrid Race) [(CSR2XCSR27)] x [(CSR6XCSR26)].
The quality of food material supplied decide the quality of silky cocoon spun by the larval instars of silkworm, Bombyx mori (L). The present attempt deals with utilization of aqueous solution of Norfloxacin for treating the leaves of mulberry, Morus alba (L). Two concentrations of Norfloxacin were selected for the attempt. Two concentrations of Norfloxacin include 50 mg per liter (50 ppm) and 100 mg per liter (100 ppm). The solution was prepared by adding powder antibiotic in distilled water and made the required concentration. 400 ml of aqueous solution of Norfloxacin were used to treat 100 grams of leaves of mulberry, Morus alba (L) for feeding the group of hundred larval instars for each attempt of feeding. Treated mulberry leaves were fed to the fifth larval instars. The feeding the larvae with treated leaves was carried for first four days. Four feedings were given for each day. For each feeding hundred grams of leaves (for the group of hundred larvae) were used. The larvae fed with untreated control & water treated control leaves were also maintained. Through the use of silk glands; fat bodies and haemolymph, bioassay of total protein was carried out on fifth day. The total protein content of silk glands; fat bodies and haemolymph was found improved 61.519 to 114.667; 79.928 to 90.055 and 30.983 to 31.010 percents respectively through feeding the fifth instars of silkworm, Bombyx mori (L) (Double Hybrid Race) leaves of mulberry, Morus alba (L) treated with aqueous solution of Norfloxacin antibiotics.
Free radical scavenging effect of various extracts of Root of Shirisha (Albizia lebbeck (L.)Benth.) by DPPH method
The study of antioxidants and free radicals in biology is producing medical revolution that promises a new age disease and health management. The present study was performed to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant effect of the methanol, ethyl acetate, hydro alcohol and water extracts of Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. by using DPPH method. The ethyl acetate extract exhibited significant inhibition in DPPH free radical formation with IC50 values of 70.5206. The ethyl acetate extract showed potent activity on DPPH, which is compared to that of ascorbic acid (IC50 = 36.8582) taken as standard. The lesser IC50 value indicates larger antioxidant activity. The results of the present comprehensive analysis demonstrated that ethyl acetate extract of Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. is a viable source of nature antioxidant and might be exploited for functional foods and nutraceutical applications.
Corrosion inhibitors for 7000 aluminum alloys
Wrought aluminium-zinc-magnesium copper (AA7000) series alloys have commonly used in aerospace industry and super-jet boats industry due to their high strength-to-weight ratio, toughness and resistance to fatigue. Variation in medium of exposure varies fatigue crack growth rates in these alloys. Stress corrosion crack is resisted by fine precipitates in alloys. Organic corrosion inhibitors are supposed to be mandatory from environmental legislation. Radioactive pitting corrosion has inhibited by conversion coatings.
Corrosion inhibitors of steel to stainless
Concrete reinforced with steel and rebars is affected by surface corrosion of steels in being embedded state. Corrosion of chloride and carbureted moisture in embedded steels reduce life of concrete of high ways. Use of steel in corroded and un-corroded state shows more life in case of reinforcements in un-corroded state at laboratory scale. Flexural strength is more effective characteristics to determine state of concrete within lifeline period. Quality of rod at cheaper level favors galvanized rod than stainless steel reinforcements in marine constructions. Volume increase to two to four times is cause to form cracks in concrete by corrosion of steel under reinforcement. First line of defense is concrete cover of embedded reinforcement. Second line of defense is cathodic protection. And third line of defense is hot dip galvanized reinforcements for barrier protection. Key words Concrete, Steel, Rebars, Reinforcements, Corrosion, Strength, Flexural, High way, Bridge, Saline, Moisture, Chemical, Electrochemical, Pozzolan, Silica fume, Galvanizing, Cathodic
Review on: Study the Effect of Fermentation on the Value of Teff Injera [Eragrostis (Zucc.) Trotter]
ABSTRACT In Ethiopia, teff is smallest grain used as principal ingredient in formation of injera which is one of the staple foods of the population. It is unique durable crop grown over wide range of environmental conditions and has been utilized as food and supplements to majority of the human diets in Ethiopia. The potential of this grain, as an interesting raw material, for new food product development is due principally to its protein composition which is gluten free and has a high quality amino acid composition. Teff grains can be used in cooking and baking in place of other types of small grains, nuts or seed grain which used for injera preparation, to increase the nutritional and functional quality of injera. It is a fermented, pancake-like, soft, sour, circular flatbread. The main components of teff are protein, ash, fat, fiber, moisture and carbohydrates. Prolamins are the major proteins found in the teff grain. The grain is also rich in iron, calcium, magnesium and phosphorous. Teff has a high content of minerals such as: iron, calcium, zinc and magnesium compared to wheat, barley and oats. It is nutritious as major staple cereals like wheat, rice, oats, barley, and even better in some aspects, containing more calcium, zinc, iron and potassium. They also described teff as being high in dietary fiber the properties of teff and injera have been reviewed. In the preparation of injera, teff flour undergoes fermentation by lactic acid bacteria and yeast. This review was lead to deductions that increasing fermentation temperature was brought in increased titratable acidity and reduced pH of the dough during injera making. Likewise prolonging the fermentation time which increases the acid content of the dough. As well as Increasing the fermentation temperature and time which lead to reduce protein content in injeras. The ash and fat contents of injeras was not affected by fermentation, whereas fiber and carbohydrate was increased.
A review of using Aggregate Coated Waste Polymer Blend with Bitumen for Pavement Construction
Over the years, plastics have become the chosen wrapping material by pro of their dominance over other conventional materials. Based on this many studies on polymer modified bitumen mixture have been conducted for the past three decades. Although addition of Waste polymers to asphalt for the purpose of enhancing the properties of asphalt over a wide temperature range in paving applications was contemplated quite some time ago, the result shows improving the road pavement performance as compared to the asphalt pavement. This paper is a review of using Aggregate Coated Waste Polymer Blend with Bitumen for Pavement Construction. In this study, a critical review on the benefits of using waste polymer blend in bitumen is presented followed by a review of general studies on using polymers in bitumen in order to improve the properties of pavement. Conversely, disposal of this waste material including waste plastic bags has become a serious problem and waste plastics are burnt for apparent disposal which cause environmental pollution. Additionally, this waste plastic bag in bituminous mixes has proved that which enhance the properties of mix solving in addition to, disposal problems. This study investigated A review of using Aggregate Coated Waste Polymer Blend with Bitumen for Pavement Construction are considered, not only as a progressive option in terms of sustainability, as an eye-catching option in improving the performance and amenity life of the pavement.
Production and Evaluation of Particleboard using Sugarcane Bagasse in the case of Woniji-Shewa Sugar Factory
Particleboard is a wood-based panel product manufactured under pressure and temperature from the particles of wood or other any lignocellulosic fibrous materials and a binder. Particleboard manufacturing is ecologically sound, as the waste material will transform into useful products, thereby conserving natural resources. The objectives of this study was production and evaluation of particleboard using sugarcane bagasse in the case of Woniji-Shewa Sugar Factory. The ratio of the surface and the core layer of bagasse particles were 1:2:1 ratio. A three levels of press time 5, 7 and 12min. and resin ratio 7, 12 and 15%. Besides, plate temperature were selected 140, 150 and 1600C. Making of particleboard were investigated by a full factorial design (FFD) that was a Design Expert 7.0.0 software and determined an optimal value of the bending strength (MOR) of particleboard. For analyzing, physiochemical properties and result obtained from experiments; 0.68g/cm3, density, 48.1%, moisture content, 2.37%, ash content, 61%, volatile mater content, 36.63%, fixed carbon, 8.06KJ/kg, calorific value, 1.12%, pol, 2.86%, brix, 44.17%, fiber content, 27.16%, hemicellulose, 21.5%, lignin, 39.33%, cellulose. A maximum bending strength of particleboard was 27.4N/mm2 obtained at a resin ratio, 14.63%, pressing time, 8.45min. and plate temperature 153.73oC. Based on the finding, manufacturing of particleboard using sugarcane bagasse were achievable and environmentally friendly.
Intrinsic Viscosity of Stud Plant Mucilage (Dicerocaryum Zanguebarium): Polymeric Studies at Infinite Dilution.
Abstract Studies on stud plant mucilage (SpM) showed that it constitute of galactose, mannose and xylose and it has a molecular weight of 500kDa. However, the behaviour of the polymer using intrinsic viscosity, in dilute regime, has not been explored. The research investigated the intrinsic viscosity of SpM in water, salt and sugar solutions. Salt solutions has poor solvent properties and hence reduced the intrinsic viscosity of SpM as opposed to sugars which enhance it. The shape of SpM particles, in water, are either oblate or prolate. The Berry numbers shows that, all SpM solutions (in water, salt and sugar solvents) were in dilute domain and the molecules portray a conformation which is between rod-like and random coil. Keywords: Dicerocaryum zanguebarium, Intrinsic viscosity, Mucilage, Stud plant, Biopolymers
Review article: Improvement of Permeate flux by Laboratory Scale Techniques in Membrane Separation Processes
Membrane separation processes are found to be most effective and innovative technique in terms of separating the different attacking materials which are involved in mitigation of membrane filtration technique at some end. Various laboratory scale techniques are involved in the present era to meet the demands of current industrial requirements in terms of cost and quality. This article is an short review on three different flux enhancement techniques applied on laboratory scale found useful in delivering the proper solution to various feed ingredients which are to some extent creates difficulty to the allied industries.
Analysis of Reverse Osmosis Water and Reverse Osmosis Discharge Water in Pre-Monsoon of REC Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India
Abstract: Present papers to analysis of reverse osmosis water and reverse osmosis discharge water in pre-monsoon of Rewa Engineering College Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India. All the physical and chemical parameters of water sample wereanalyzed are within the prescribed limits as suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO), Indian Standard Institute (ISI) and BIS desirable limit. variation in physical and chemical parameters like Temperature, Turbidity, colour, odour , pH value, Total hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, Total alkalinity Chloride, Nitrate ,Total dissolved solid, Sulphate, Iron , Fluoride , Maganese etc.. All parameters were found in more or less in limits. Keywords:Analysis of water, Analysis of water in pre-monsoon, physical andchemical properties of water, Analysis of reverse osmosis water and reverse osmosis discharge water.
An eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Stoechospermum marginatum, its characterization and antioxidant study
Abstract The aqueous extract of marine brown seaweed, Stoechospermum marginatum was used for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The silver nanoparticles were formed due to the bio-reduction of silver nitrate to aqueous silver ions in the presence of seaweed extract. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Visible Spectrophotometer, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopyand Atomic Force Microscope (AFM).The synthesised silver nanoparticles have shown moderate antioxidant activity. This method of AgNPs synthesis does not use any toxic reagents and thus has potential for use in biomedical application. Keywords: Seaweed, Silver nanoparticles,Antioxidant activity
Extraction of Essential oil from Curry leaves
Murraya koenigii (Curry leaves) contain many useful chemical constituents. The leaves which known as daun kari in malaysia is belong to family Rutaceace and can be found in Malaysia, India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka. The aim of this study to characterize the components of essential oil of the leaves and compare yield percentage of the oil which is extracted from steam distillation and hydro-distillation. The essential oil is extracted by steam distillation and hydro-distillation. The amount of leaves and water used were 350gm and 1000ml. The time of extraction for both methods 3 to 6 hours. The yield between these two methods were compared. The result shows that the percentage yield for steam distillation method is higher compared to conventional method which is hydro distillation method. The components identification for this essential oil is perform by GC-MS (Gas chromatography and Mass spectroscopy).
Isolation and Characterization of 1,6-Dihydroxy-3-Methoxy-8-Methyl Xanthones from Swertia purpurascens Wall – A High Altitude Himalayan Medicinal Herb
1, 6-dihydroxy-3-methoxy- 8- methyl xanthones from Swertia purpurascens Wall. (Gentianaceae) has been isolated along with oleanolic acid. 1,6-dihydroxy-3-methoxy- 8- methyl xanthones for the first time has been reported from this plant source and identified by means of chemical as well as spectroscopic methods.
6-dihydroxy-3-methoxy- 8- methyl xanthones
Mono(acetylacetonato)zirconium(IV) Aryloxides: Synthesis, Reactivity and Thermoanalytical Investigation
A series of novel zirconium(IV) complexes, formulated as ZrCl3−n(acac)(OArI–V)n (where n =− 3; –OArI = OC6H4Cl-2, –OArII = OC6H4Cl-4, –OArIII = –OC6H3Cl2-2,4, OArIV = –OC6H3Cl2-2,6 and OArV = –OC6H2Cl3-2,4,6) were synthesized by reacting ZrCl3(acac) with corresponding substituted chlorophenols in separate experiments. The complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance measurements, molecular weight determination, spectroscopic techniques (1HNMR and IR) and thermal gravimetric analysis. Based upon these studies, a triangular bipyramidal structure has been proposed. Acceptor properties of ZrCl3–n(acac)(OArI–V)n towards bidentate ligands such as 2,2’-bipyridyl and 1,10-phenanthroline allows the isolation of 1:1 addition compounds as shown by physicochemical, IR, and 1HNMR spectral studies.
Process Parameters Optimization for Ammonia Decomposition up to 99% in Coke Oven Plants
Catalytic ammonia decomposition is carried out in the byproduct-plant of Coke Oven-3. This process is picking up due to its ability to decompose the ammonia recovered from coke oven gas. Because of the corrosive nature of ammonia, its removal is a necessity in coke oven byproduct plants. The process begins with the ammonia vapors coming from the ammonia distillation column. The vapors from the distillation unit flow into a refractory-lined ammonia decomposition furnace. Coke oven gas as a supportive fuel and a stoichiometric amount of combustion air are also fed to the burner, at auto controlled flow rates. Within the reactor is a nickel catalyst bed. In the presence of the nickel catalyst, NH3 is decomposed into nitrogen and hydrogen at a temperature of 1000 °C. The gas is further cooled to 80 °C through heat exchangers, then at the exit tail gas analysis is done to measure the percentage decomposition of NH3. According to norms, the NH3 in the outlet should be 30 to 40 mg/m3; however, in actual practice it is as high as 900 mg/m3, possibly due to increased amount of ammonia vapors in the feed. The present study is aimed at minimizing the NH3 content at the outlet. Increased NH3 content at the inlet leads to less residence time of vapors with the catalyst. As per the plant design, 18.46 ton of catalyst is used in the furnace to decompose 4200 kg/h of NH3 containing vapor. In actual practice, 5200 kg/h of NH3 vapor is made to flow through the decomposition chamber. The catalyst is not able to effectively process the excess amount of NH3 vapor, resulting in high concentration of NH3 in the tail gas.
Removal of 2,4-diclorofenoxyacetic Acid (2, 4–D) with Carbonized Peanut Shell
Removal of 2,4-diclorofenoxyacetic acid (2, 4–D) has been studied using carbonized peanut shell (CPS). The effects of experimental parameters such as the initial pesticide concentration, contact time and temperature were evaluated. The concentrations of solutions of 2,4-D used were 0.4 and 0.6 mg/L and the temperatures were 25, 35, 45 and 55 °C. Some adsorption isotherms such as the Langmuir and the Freundlich models were applied to experimental data. It was found that the Langmuir isotherm model conformed to correlation coefficients. Thermodynamic parameters ΔG º, ΔH º and ΔS º were calculated. The adsorption enthalpy and entropy were found to be 12 438.58 J/mol and − 56.14 J/mol, respectively. This is a physical process which is endothermic. The monolayer capacity was found to be 53.19 mg/g. The carbonized peanut shell is inexpensive and can be used effectively in adsorption experiments.
Substituted Thiosemicarbazides as Corrosion Inhibitors for N80 Steel in Hydrochloric Acid
N-isonicotinoyl-N′-aryl thiosemicarbazides have been synthesized and employed as corrosion inhibitors for N-80 steel – 15% hydrochloric acid system at 25 °C. On the basis of their influence on anodic and cathodic polarization behavior, these compounds could be classified as ambiodic inhibitors. Weight loss and electrochemical data leading to their inhibition efficiencies (IEs) suggest that these inhibitors followed adsorption mechanism. Among the various thiosemicarbazides, methoxyphenyl derivative exhibited maximum percentage IE
Supported Cobalt-promoted Platinum Bimetallic Nanoparticles: A Thermal Study
The Co-promoted Pt-based bimetallic catalysts were prepared using surface organometallic method (SOMC), to obtain catalysts with cobalt to platinum surface atomic ratio of 1:2 and 1:1. Temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) profiles showed two distinct temperature regions for hydrogen uptake both by the parent 5% Pt/Al2O3 and the Co-promoted catalysts. The shift in peak maxima in the case of promoted catalysts to higher temperatures has been interpreted as a result of formation of interfacial sites responsible for improved performance of the bimetallic catalysts. Thermogravimetric and calorimetric (DSC) studies, performed in oxidizing and reducing atmospheres supported the TPR results and confirmed the stability of catalysts up to 600°C.
Synthesis and Characterization of Mn Doped ZnO Nanoparticles by Chemical Precipitation Method
Nanosized Mn doped ZnO semiconductor (where Mn 0.5%–2.5%) has been synthesized via a chemical precipitation method using zinc acetate hydrate, MnCl2 in alcoholic medium and utilizing polyvinyl pyrolidone (PVP) as capping agent. A differential thermal analysis (DTA) and a thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) where used determine the thermal properties of ZnO:Mn. The structural characteristics were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD).scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and EPR spectra. The powder X-ray diffraction patterns of these samples show the formation of single-phase wurtzite structure. Also, photoluminescence (PL) was used to understand the relation between Mn2+ concentration and the optical properties.
Molecular Interaction Study of Glycine in Aqueous Lactose Solution Using Volumetric, Acoustic and Viscometric Methods at Different Temperatures
Density, viscosity, sound speed and refractive index of glycine in aqueous lactose solution at varying concentrations from 0.1035 to 1.0345 m at 298, 308, and 318 K have been determined using precalibrated bycapillary pycnometer, Ostwald’s viscometer and single frequency ultrasonic interferometer at 2 MHz frequency respectively. The derived acoustic parameters like apparent molal volume( ), apparent molal compressibility( ), specific acoustic impedance (Z), intermolecular free length (Lf), acoustical relaxation time ( ), relative association (RA), free volume (Vf), absorption coefficient (α/f2), adiabatic compressibility (β), hydration number (nH), Gibbs free energy (ΔG), internal pressure (πi), Rao’s constant (Rm), Wada’s constant (W), limiting apparent molal volume(fvo), limiting apparent molal compressibility(fko), Jones-Dole coefficient (B), Falkenhagen coefficient (A) and molar refractivity (RD) have been calculated from experimental data. All measurements have been carried out in a thermostatic controlled refrigerated water bath with circulating medium with an accuracy of ± 0.1 º C. As the temperature increases, solute solvent interactions also increase. Positive values of B coefficient also suggest that glycine is a structure maker at the investigated temperatures
Hydrotropes as Effective Reaction Media for the Synthesis of Chlorothiazide
The paper describes the synthesis of Chlorothiazide. It is a thiazide diuretic (water pill). It decreases the amount of fluid in the body by increasing the amount of salt and water lost in the urine. It is also used to lower the blood pressure as antihypertensive and to decrease edema (swelling). The synthesis of Chlorothiazide was carried out using four different hydrotropes, the effect of hydrotropes on yield, rate constant and activation energy at various temperatures and concentrations were studied
Hydrotropes as Effective Reaction Media for the Synthesis of Carbamazepine
The paper describes the synthesis of Carbamazepine. It is used as an anticonvulsant and antiemetic agent. It is also used in the treatment of pain associated with trigeminal neuralgia, often within 24 to 48 hr. The synthesis of Carbamazepine was carried out using four different hydrotropes. The effects of hydrotropes on yield, rate constant and activation energy at various temperatures and concentrations were studied
Free Radical Copolymerization of N-(4-chloro-2-methyl phenyl) Maleimide with Vinyl Monomers and Characterization of Polymers
The free radical copolymerization of N-(4-chloro-2-methyl phenyl) maleimide (CMPM) with ethyl acrylate, methyl acrylate and vinyl acetate in THF at 65ºC using free radical initiator was described. The physical characteristics like solubility, intrinsic viscosity and molecular weight were determined and discuss the effect of vinyl monomer in properties of polymers. The structure was ascertained by spectral analysis. The thermal stability of copolymers was evaluated by TGA.
Copper(II) Catalyzed Oxidation of Hydrazine Hydrate by Hexacyanoferrate(III)
The kinetics of Cu(II) catalyzed oxidation of hydrazine by hexacyanoferrate(III) is studied in acid medium. The stoichiometry of the reaction is 1:1. The first order condition [N2H5] > [Fe(CN)63−] is maintained. The order of the reaction is unity with respect to Fe(CN)63−, fractional orders with respect to hydrazine and copper. The reaction is independent of variation of sulphuric acid and ionic strength. A suitable mechanism is proposed for the reaction
Calcareous Soil as a Promising Adsorbent to Remove Fluoride from Aqueous Solution: Equilibrium, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Study
In this work, the feasibility of employing calcareous soil to remove fluoride ions from its aqueous solutions was investigated under batch mode. The influence of solution pH, sorbent dose, initial fluoride concentration, contact time, stirring rate and temperature on the removal process were investigated. The equilibrium adsorption data were analyzed using Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models. The kinetics of fluoride ion was discussed by pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion models. It was shown that the adsorption of fluoride ions could be described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Thermodynamic parameters such as Gibbs free energy (rGo), enthalpy (rHo) and the entropy change of sorption (rSo) have also been evaluated and it has been found that the adsorption process was spontaneous, feasible and exothermic in nature. A six-layered feed forward neural network with back propagation training algorithm was developed using thirty-one experimental data sets obtained from laboratory batch study. The ANN predicted results were compared with the experimental results of the laboratory test. Regeneration study indicates that about 81.4% fluorides can regenerate from the adsorbent. It was concluded that calcareous soil has potential for application as an effective adsorbent for removal of fluoride ions from aqueous solution
Thermogravimetric and Crystallinity Studies of ER/PS Blends
Thermoplastic elastomeric blends of polystyrene (PS) and exudated resin (ER) were prepared by solution casting technique. The decomposition behavior of these blends was studied by thermogravimetric analysis. The effect of blend ratio and cross linking on the thermal behavior of ER/PS blend system was studied. An enhancement in thermal stability was observed by the addition of ER into polystyrene. The activation energy of degradation was calculated by using Horowitz-Metzger equation. X-ray diffraction technique was employed to study the crystalline nature of the blend system. A decrease in crystallinity was found for the blends with increase in ER content.
Spectral, Thermal, Electrochemical and Biological Studies of Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) Complexes Derived from 4-(3-bromo-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzylideneamino)-3-mercapto-6-methyl-5-oxo-1,2,4-triazine
The Schiff base4-(3-bromo-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzylideneamino)-3-mercapto-6-methyl-5-oxo-1,2,4-triazine and its Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes have been synthesized and characterized by IR, NMR, electronic, ESR, fluorescence, thermal, magnetic moment and electrochemical studies. IR and thermal data support the presence of coordinated water in the metal complexes. The electronic spectral and magnetic moment measurements indicate octahedral geometry for Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) complexes and square planar for Cu(II) complexes. Biological studies of the ligand and its metal complexes have been carried out in vitro against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis), Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria and fungi (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus). The results show increased antibacterial and antifungal activity of the metal complexes as compared to the ligand.
Synthesis and Characterization of Composites of Beryllia and Lithium-titanate Produced by Solid State Route
Beryllium oxide (BeO) is proposed to be used as a constituent for lithium titanate (Li2TiO3)based composite material for neutron multiplication and breeding in International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) for its high thermal conductivity, low neutron absorption cross-section and high neutron reflection cross section. In the present investigation, we report the synthesis of single phase BeO-Li2TiO3 composites with BeO to Li2TiO3 (produced through solid state route)involumeratios of 80:20, 75:25, 65:35 and 55:45. The samples have been characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The values of thermal conductivity for BeO-Li2TiO3 composites with BeO to Li2TiO3 involumeratios of 80:20, 75:25, 65:35 and 55:45 have been obtained by thermal diffusivity measurements and specific heat measurements. The electrical conductivity of the composites has been obtained from impedance measurements. The mechanical properties of the materials have been evaluated. From the present investigation, it could be concluded that it is possible to achieve tritium breeding ratio (TBR) more than 1.1 by optimizing the BeO and Li2TiO3 ratio with better mechanical, thermal and electrical properties compared to the use of lithium titanate alone in the fusion reactor with metallic Be.
Tracer Application in Study of Reaction Kinetics using Duolite ARA-9366B and Duolite A-638
Radiotracer isotopes 131I and 82Br were used to study the iodide and bromide ion-isotopic exchange reactions taking place in two anion exchange resins Duolite ARA-9366B (nuclear grade) and Duolite A-638 (non-nuclear grade) under different operational parameters like temperature and ionic concentration of exchanging medium. The results of present investigation indicate an existence of strong positive linear co-relationship between amount of ions exchanged and concentration of ionic solution; while existence of strong negative co-relationship between amounts of ions exchanged and temperature of exchanging medium. It was observed that during iodide ion-isotopic exchange reaction under identical experimental conditions of 40.0 °C, 1.000 g of ion exchange resins and 0.003 M labeled iodide ion solution, the values of specific reaction rate (min−1), amount of iodide ion exchanged (mmol), initial rate of iodide ion exchange (mmol/min) and log Kd were 0.185, 0.417, 0.077 and 10.2 respectively for Duolite ARA-9366B resin, which was higher than 0.118, 0.338, 0.040 and 6.4 respectively for Duolite A-638 resins. It was observed that using Duolite ARA-9366B resins, at a constant temperature of 40.0 °C, as the concentration of labeled iodide ion solution increases from 0.001–0.004 M, the percentage of iodide ions exchanged increases from 51.70–57.5%. While using Duolite A-638 resins under identical experimental conditions, the percentage of iodide ions exchanged increases from 43.20–45.80%. The identical trend was observed for the two resins during bromide ion-isotopic exchange reaction. The overall results indicate superior performance of Duolite ARA-9366B resins over Duolite A-638 resins under identical operational parameters.
Removal of CO2 using Aqueous Blends of Amines by Chemical Absorption Method: Modeling
Carbon capture from point source emissions has been recognized as one of the several strategies necessary for mitigating unfettered release of greenhouse gases (GHG’s) into the atmosphere to prevent global warming. To keep the GHG’s at manageable level, large decrease of CO2 should take placethrough capture technologies like chemical absorption. Alkanolamines such as monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), and N-methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) have been used for gas treating at industries. There has been a growing interest today for gas treating by using blended amines. The mixed amine systems, which combine the higher equilibrium capacity of the tertiary amine with the higher reaction rate of the primary or secondary amine, can bring about considerable improvement in gas absorption like MDEA/MEA and MDEA/DEA are compared based on the reaction kinetics. Modeling is applied for absorption rate constants for the above blended amines using MATLAB.
Homologues of fatty acids derived from vegetable oils/fats are used as collectors as such or as their soaps in the flotation of silicate/oxide/salt type minerals. Straight chain saturated fatty acid anions are envisaged to form compact adsorbed patches on the mineral surface, which are more effective in imparting surface hydrophobicity to the minerals than the loose/fluffy patches formed by unsaturated fatty acid anions that are bent at the double bonds. Addition of detergents or certain hydrotropes along with fatty acid/soap collectors reduces the consumption of fatty acids/soaps and thereby improves selectivity of mineral separation.
Study of the Hammett Equation for Oxidation of 2-Hydroxy-1-Naphthalidene Anil and Para Substituted Chloroanils by Potassium Bromate in Acid Medium
The kinetics of oxidation of the Schiff base and its substituted anils by potassium bromate in aquo-acetic acid medium has been studied in this work. The study of thermodynamic parameters is done, and the rate constants for the reaction are determined. The plot of log {ks/k0} against the substituent constant (s) is plotted for para and meta substitution and the reaction constant (r) is calculated. The plot of DH against DS is used for the determination of correlation coefficient (r).
specific rate constant for substituted anils (Ks)
specific rate constant for unsubstituted anil (Ko)
Effect of Beneficiation on the Characteristics of Gambe and Pindiga Bentonitic Clays
Comparative study of the effect of beneficiation on the chemical, physical and mineralogical properties of Pindiga and Gambe bentonitic clays was carried out. The raw clays were mined and beneficiated using the wet beneficiation method. The raw and beneficiated clay samples were characterized using XRD and XRF techniques, the specific density and pH values of the clays were also determined. The characterization results showed that the clays developed higher purity after beneficiation, as reflected by the decrease in organic impurities in the form of carbon and graphite and reduction in quartz and soluble salts. The raw Pindiga clay sample had high iron oxide content up to 26.54 wt% which reduced to 24.15 wt% after beneficiation, while the raw Gambe clay contained 11.87 wt% iron oxide which reduced to 4.96 wt% after beneficiation. Also, the raw Gambe clay sample had high calcium oxide content up to 20.0 wt% which reduced to 18.5 wt% after beneficiation, while the raw Pindiga clay contained 2.46 wt% calcium oxide which reduced to 2.0 wt% after beneficiation. Both clays showed calcium montmorillonite peaks in the XRD patterns. The specific density and pH values for the raw and beneficiated Pindiga clay were 2.58, 7.90 and 2.45, 6.50 respectively. While those for the raw and beneficiated Gambe clay were 2.47, 7.30, and 2.36, 7.00 respectively.
Synthesis and Characterization of Schiff Bases Derivatives of Heterotrimetallic [Al(III); Sn(II); Ti(IV)]-µ-oxo-isopropoxide-µ-oxon-propoxide [SnO2TiAl(OPri)2(OPrn)3
Tin diacetate and aluminium isopropoxide in equimolar proportion in xylene affords the complex [(OAc)SnOAl(OPri)2] which on reaction with Ti(OPrn)4 in 1:1 molar ratio yielded a new organoheterotrimetallic-μ-oxoisopropoxide-μ-oxon-propoxide [SnO2TiAl(OPri)2(OPrn)3] with continuous liberation of isopropyl acetate and propyl acetate formed during the course of reaction. The preparation of Schiff base complexes of the compound [SnO2TiAl(OPri)2(OPrn)3] was carried out in refluxing benzene by the reaction of µ-oxomixedpropoxide compound in different molar ratios (1:1 and 1:2) with Schiff bases (1-(2-Pyridyl) ethanonehydrazine carboxamide (HSB1) and 1-Furanyl) ethanonehydrazin carboxamide (HSB2). The complexes were characterized by spectral analysis (IR, 1H, 13C, 119Sn, 27Al NMR and mass spectra). The spectral studies confirmed that the proposed framework of the new organoheterotrimetallic complexes and indicated a tetrahedral geometry around the central metal atom.
Synthesis and Spectroscopic Studies of 12-Membered Macrocyclic Transition Metal Complexes with Tetradentate Ligand
Tetra-aza macrocyclic transition metals complexes of type: [M(C12H4N8)X2]; where, M = Co (II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II); X= Cl-1, NO3-, CH3COO- have been synthesized and characterized. On the basis of conductance data; elemental analyses, the character of the complexes have been suggest and it was found that all the complexes have 1:2:2 stoichiometry and are nonelectrolytic in nature. Tentative geometry of the new synthesized macrocyclic complexes had been proposed with the aid of variety of physicochemical studies like NMR, Infra-Red, ESR and Electronic spectra. Molecular modeling was also carried out for better understanding the structure of complexes. Based on various studies and molecular modeling, a distorted octahedral geometry has been proposed for metal complexes. All the synthesized metal complexes were screened for antimicrobial activities and show the comparable results with standard drugs.
Sodium Benzoate and Urea as Promoters in Sillimanite Flotation
Sillimanite is an alumino-silicate mineral with the chemical formula Al2SiO5. Sillimanite in general is concentrated by gravity separation methods followed by froth flotation. Hydrophobicity is induced to sillimanite surface by adsorbing surfactant (oleic acid/oleate) molecules selectively and the mineral is collected into froth as concentrate. Other reagents used are; sodium silicate to depress garnet and silica and sodium hydroxide to adjust the pulp pH. In the present study, hydrotropes (sodium benzoate and urea) were introduced to improve the solubility of oleic acid in aqueous phase that is flotation pulp. It is noted that hydrotropes improve the recovery of sillimanite with marketable grades of concentrate.
Physicochemical Qualitative Analysis of River Water, Underground Water and Pond Water of Rewa City, Madhya Pradesh, India
In this research, study of physical-chemical qualitative analysis of river water, underground water and pond water of Rewa city, Madhya Pradesh, India in the year of 2016 has been done. All the water samples are within prescribed limits as suggested by the World Health Organization, Indian Standard Institute and BIS desirable limit. Yearly variation in physical and chemical parameters like temperature, turbidity, color, odor, pH value, total hardness, calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), total alkalinity (like hydroxide, carbonate, bicarbonate) chloride (Cl-), total dissolved solid (TDS), sulfate (SO42-) etc. All analyzed parameter data were found in desirable or not desirable limits.
Physicochemical qualitative analysis of water
Evolution of Empirical Equations for Prediction of Melting Point and Latent Heat of Alkanes
Alkanes and paraffins are well recognized phase change materials (PCMs) for low and medium range temperature thermal energy storage applications. Melting point and latent heat are two crucial parameters for any PCM for its use in any thermal storage application. The values of these parameters are normally measured by expensive and time consuming measuring devices. In this paper, three empirical equations are presented to predict the melting point and latent heat of alkanes using carbon number as the only input variable. The theoretical results were found comparable with the experimental results within the error limit of ±3.5% for melting point of alkanes with carbon number between 17 and 60. Latent heat values predicted were also in good agreement with the experimental values.
Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Poly (2-Methyl Aniline-co-2-Chloro Aniline) and Poly (2-Methyl Aniline-co-2-Chloro Aniline)-Nanocomposite-CuO
The copolymer and its composite, poly (2-methyl aniline-co-2-chloro aniline) and poly (2-methyl aniline-co-2-chloro aniline)-nanocomposite-CuO respectively were synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization method using ammonium persulphate as oxidant, sodium lauryl sulphate as surfactant and HCl as dopant. The synthesized copolymer and composite were characterized by FTIR, UV-Visible and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The thermal stability was determined by TGA/DTA. The copolymer and copolymer nanocomposite with CuO were found to be thermally more stable and the XRD pattern confirmed the partially crystalline nature. The particle size as calculated by Debye-Scherrer equation confirmed that nanocomposite was formed. The electrical conductivity studies show that the materials synthesized were of semi conducting nature. The antibacterial activities were also tested using ciprofloxacin as the standard. With the copolymer, Escherichia coli showed a maximum zone of inhibition of 12 mm followed by Enterococcus faecalis whose zone of inhibition is 10 mm. The other strains showed less antibacterial activity. The presence of chlorine contributed to significant antibacterial activity
Structural Investigations of NiFe2O4 Synthesised by the Pyrolysis of Single Source Precursor
NiFe2O4 nanoparticles have been synthesized using the single source precursor [NiFe2(cin)3(N2H4)3]via pyrolysis thermal decomposition route. The single source precursor prepared by a simple precipitation method, was characterised by hydrazine and metal analyses, infrared spectral analysis and thermo-gravimetric analysis. Using appropriate annealing conditions, NiFe2O4 nanoparticles were synthesised by the thermal treatment of the precursor. From XRD and HRTEM studies, the particle size of the sample was found to be around 11 nm. SEM results showed that the sample possesses agglomerated and randomly distributed nanorods
Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Activity: Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) Complexes of Schiff Bases Derived from 4-Cyanobenzaldehye and 4-Amino-5-Mercapto-3-Methyl/Ethyl-1,2,4-triazoles
Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes of bidentate Schiff bases derived from the condensation of 4-amino-5-mercapto-3-methyl-1,2,4-triazole and 4-amino-3-ethyl-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole with 4-cyanobenzaldehyde have been synthesized. The synthesized Schiff bases and their metal complexes were then characterized by elemental analysis, spectroscopic methods (IR, NMR, electronic spectra), magnetic moment measurement and thermogravimetric techniques. The electronic spectra and magnetic moment studies suggest octahedral geometry for Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) complexes and square planar geometry for Cu(II) complexes. The newly synthesized Schiff bases and their metal complexes were screened against bacteria (Bacillus pumilus, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) and fungi (Aspergillus niger and Penicillium).
Quantification of Chromium (III) and Chromium (VI) in the Electroplating Effluents of Homicho Ammunition Engineering Industry
Chromium is widely used for plating of the surface of ferrous materials to protect from rust as well as increasing strength. The industrial effluents of wastewater from metal plating workshops into the environment have produced huge and complex wastes which far exceed the assimilative capacity of nature and lead to an irreversible health and ecological consequences. So, the study was aimed to quantify chromium (III) and chromium (VI) in the electroplating effluents of Homicho Ammunition Engineering Industry. Wastewater samples were collected during the five working days (Monday to Friday). Chemical analysis and metal concentrations were determined using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and titration. The average results obtained were: Cr+6 (3.904 ± 0.016 mg/L), Cr+3 (1.112 ± 0.023 mg/L), total Cr (5.38 ± 0.415 mg/L. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found among the wastewater analyzed. The amount of chromium (VI), chromium (III), and total chromium were above the permissible level that is not allowed to the natural water. However, a reduction of substances hazardous to environment has been demanded socially, economically as well as politically. Following the high toxicity of chromium (VI), substitution with environmental friendly chemicals such as chromium (III) and restriction of the use chromium (VI) and follow up should be implemented by Environmental protection authority at national level
Catalyst, Mixed Catalyst and Additive Effects on the Oscillatory Behaviour of Pyrogallol based Chemical Oscillator
The present work is aimed to investigate the effect of the metal ions used as single as well as mixed catalysts and Mo(VI) ion as additive on the oscillatory behaviour of the reaction system comprising of pyrogallol (1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene) as organic substrate and inorganic bromate as oxidant in aqueous sulphuric acid medium (1.5 mol L-1). The reactions were monitored both spectrophotometrically and potentiometrically. From kinetic study, the order of reactivity of the metal ions towards oscillatory behaviour of the bromate driven pyrogallol based chemical oscillator was found to be Mn(II) › Ce(IV) › Ce(III). The Mn(II) and Ce(IV) metal ion solutions were mixed together in order to have their mixed catalyst effect on the aforesaid system. Further, the Mo(VI) ion used as additive was found to enhance the rate of Ce(IV) catalysed reaction system owing to the fact that there is decrease in the induction period which has been found to be linearly proportional to the concentration of Mo(VI) ion in the range of 0.00225–0.02225 mol L-1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.991 under the optimal conditions of the reaction system. The order of reactivity of the metal ions towards oscillatory behaviour of the bromate driven pyrogallol based chemical oscillator was found to be Mn(II) › Ce(IV) › Ce(III). Further, the Mo(VI) ion used as additive was found to decrease the induction period in a linear fashio
Assessment of Some Heavy Metals of Spring Waters and Sediments from Iddo Wara Wale Area of Dale Sadi District, Kellem Wollega, Oromia, Ethiopia
The present study was undertaken to assess the spring water quality in Iddo Wara Wale area of Dale Sadi district, Kellem Wollega, Oromia, Ethiopia. A total of 20 L samples were collected from five densely populated springs- Ittisa, Abba Moga, Kersa, Ele Gonda and Merfata. All the samples were analyzed for six heavy metals (Mn, Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe and Zn) using standard methods. The sediment samples collected along with each spring were also analyzed for these metals. All the metals were analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) along with the method validation. Among the metals analyzed for waters, Cd and Cr were below the method detection limit. However, the concentration of Mn, Cu, Fe and Zn were ranged from mean values of 0.119–0.227 mg/L, 0.142–0.166 mg/L, 0.183–0.267 mg/L, and 0.074–0.181 mg/L, respectively. The sediment analysis showed the mean concentration range of 348.31–429.21 mg/kg, 0.23–0.28 mg/kg, 18.73–22.84 mg/kg, 2.76–3.15 mg/kg, 941.84–1128.56 mg/kg, and 42.39–66.53 mg/kg for Mn, Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, and Zn, respectively. The heavy metal levels in waters were below the WHO and Ethiopian guidelines for drinking water quality, indicating no harmful effect on drinking. Also, the heavy metal levels in sediments were below the interim sediment quality guidelines, indicating no potential pollution in sediments.
A Study of Hyperfine Interactions of Peroxy Radicals in Irradiated PE Copolymer at Low Temperatures
Hyperfine interactions occurring around the magnetic environment of peroxy radical are investigated by electron spin resonance (ESR) technique. For this purpose, ESR spectra are recorded in the temperature range of 77 to 300 K. ESR spectra at 77 K possess some hyperfine structure together with peroxy doublet; while at high temperatures only peroxy doublet is observed. Hyperfine parameters like g-values, peak to peak separation, spread are calculated and their temperature dependence has been investigated. Hyperfine interaction of peroxy radical depends on molecular substrate as well as temperature, Due to variation in temperature, chain conformations change causing changes in hyperfine interactions Bloch analysis is applied to calculate activation energy associated with the free radical decay.
Utilization of Waste Polyethylene Terephthalate with Bitumen for Road Construction
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is commonly used for soft drink water bottles and other applications. However, disposal of this waste PET in large quantities causes environmental problem, as it is considered non-biodegradable material. This study investigated utilization of waste PET mixed with 60/70 penetration grade of bitumen to be as a raw material for road construction. The effect of temperature (140, 150, 160°C), composition of PET (4, 8, 12%) and mixing time (20, 40, 60 min) for penetration test result were investigated. The experimental design was done using Design Expert 7.0.0 software. The experimental design selected for this study was general factorial design with full factorial type. The optimization of penetration results was carried out using three factors, three replicates and three levels. From the analysis of the experimental results, the minimum amount of penetration result was found to be 43.67(0.1 mm) under selected optimal condition of temperature (150°C), composition (8%) and mixing time (40 min). Temperature, composition and mixing time had a significant effect on penetration test results. The influences of optimum operating conditions of PET and bitumen mix performance were investigated. The PET and bitumen mix performance test includes ductility, softening point, flash and fire point and the results were found to be 42.67 cm, 58.34, 351 and 358 °C respectively. The PET coated aggregate with bitumen mix performances were also investigated. The PET coated aggregate with bitumen mix performance of indirect tensile and compressive strength ratio results were found to be 97.85 and 95.06% respectively. The study indicated that utilization of waste PET with bitumen for road construction is considered, not only as a positive option in terms of sustainability, as an attractive option in enhancing the performance and service life of road.
LS-Coupled Atomic Term Symbols for nf7 Configuration
In this manuscript, we described a simple method to obtain Russell Saunders atomic terms for nf7 configuration by microstate building and finally thesplitting of LS terms, levels and states by different types of interaction represented pictorially. 3432 microstates in nf7 configuration resolve into 119 terms due to electronic interaction that are one (1) octet {8S}, six (6) sextets {6I, 6H, 6G, 6F, 6D, 6P}, forty (40) quartets {4N, 4M, 4L(3-Terms), 4K(3-Terms), 4I(5-Terms), 4H(5-Terms), 4G(7-Terms), 4F(5-Terms), 4D(6-Terms), 4P(2-Terms), 4S(2-Terms),} and seventy two (72) doublets {2Q, 2O, 2N(2-Terms), 2M(4-Terms), 2L(5-Terms), 2K(7-Terms), 2I(9-Terms), 2H(9-Terms), 2G(10-Terms), 2F(10-Terms), 2D(7-Terms), 2P(5-Terms), 2S(2-Terms)}. Ground state term derived for nf7 configuration is Octet S (8S) and ground state is 8S7/2.
Theoretical Calculation of Franck-Condon Factor and Dissociation Energy of Lithium Hydride Li7H1 and Li7H2 Molecule
A theoretical spectroscopic study of isotopes of Lithium Hydreid Li7H1 and Li7H2 molecule for the electronic transition B1Π−X1Σ+ systems has been carried out such as, a calculation of Franck-Condon factor has been carried out by using numerical integration for the vibrational band v'=0–4 to v"=0–4 of the electronic transition B1Π−X 1Σ+ and it was found that the values of Franck-Condon factor for Li7H1 are higher than that of Li7H2 molecule. Besides, the dissociation energies for both ground and excited states have been calculated. It was found that the values of dissociation energies of the electronic excited state X had larger values than that of ground electronic state B.
Acid and Alkali Resistance of Polylactic Acid Incorporated Polyfurfuryl Alcohol Bioplastics
PLA (0.5 to 3%) was successfully dissolved in furfuryl alcohol (FA). Acid number of neat polylactic acid (PLA) and PLA incorporated in FA were determined. Neat PLA and PLA incorporated polyfurfuryl alcohol based bioplastics were successfully fabricated with p-toluene sulfonic acid as an acid catalyst by casting method in silicon mould. The fabricated bioplastics are black in colour. The as-fabricated bioplastics were tested for resistance against acid and alkali. Additionally, water uptake studies of bioplastics were also carried out.
Experimental Demonstration on Fabrication Techniques and Recording of Leakage-free Surface-Driven Capillary Flow in the Dual Sudden Expansion Microchannels
Dual sudden expansion polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) microchannels have been fabricated by the maskless lithography, hot embossing lithography, direct bonding technique, and atmospheric pressure air dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma processing. The surface-driven capillary flow of dyed water is faster on the processed PMMA surface than the pristine PMMA surface. The surface-driven capillary flow of dyed water is slower in the wider portion of any dual sudden expansion microchannel. This experimental demonstration is highly useful to fabricate the microfluidic lab-on-a-chip systems.
Solid State Studies of Chitosan and Starch Blend Films
In this study blend films of Chitosan and starch were prepared by conventional solution-casting technique. Their miscibility was characterized by scanning electron microscopic (SEM) technique and Intermolecular interaction in blend system was investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic (FTIR) technique. SEM and FTIR measurements revealed that Chitosan/starch blends were miscible. Thermal properties of different blend compositions were assessed by Thermo Gravimetric Analyzer (TGA) and increase in the thermal stability of blend compositions were observed.
Design and Development of an Optical Fiber pH Sensor using an Artificial Neural Network
This project presents the development and design of an artificial neural network (ANN) in signal processing of optical fiber pH sensor. The pH sensor has bromophenol blue (BPB) solution as the indicator which is immobilized in a sol-gel thin film as a sensing material. The indicator shows change in color as pH of the solution changes and the spectra of these changes are calibrated to find the pH value. The data for various pH solutions is used to calibrate the pH meter using various network structures and types.
Dosimetric Aspects of Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate (NaPSS)
Thermally stimulated luminescence (TSL), electron spin resonance (ESR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic techniques are used to study dosimetric applications of sodium polystyrene sulfonate (NaPSS). The TSL, ESR, FTIR spectra are recorded for NaPSS-exposed different amounts of gamma radiation doses. The spectra observed under different conditions suggest that the NaPSS can be used for dosimetric applications based on the condition of linear variation of physical properties against the radiation dose.
Synthesis and Spectral Studies of Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) Complexes with Schiff Bases Derived from 3-Substituted-4-amino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazoles and Syringaldehyde
The synthesis and structural characterization of two novel compounds, 4-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzylideneamino)-3-methyl-5-mercapto-s-triazole and 3-ethyl-4-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzylideneamino)-5-mercapto-s-triazole and their Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) complexes in 1:1 and 1:2 molar ratios have been described with the help of different techniques like IR, 1H-NMR, magnetic moment, electronic spectra, thermal and XRD studies. The Schiff bases are coordinated to metal ion through S and N. Octahedral geometry has been proposed around Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) metal ions and in case of Cu(II) the square planar geometry is expected.
Novel Modified Chitosan/Clay Nanocomposites with Antimicrobial Activity
Unmodified sodium montmorillonite (Na-MMT) and montmorillonite modified by poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) were used to intercalate chitosan (CS) and chitosan blended with polytertahydrofuran (CS-PTHF750). Their structures were characterized by XRD, TEM and IR techniques. The results showed that CS and CS-PTHF750 chains were inserted into silicate layers. The interlayer distance of the layered silicates in the nanocomposites enlarged as the amount of polymer increased. The thermal stability of the nanocomposites is characterized by TGA. In vitro antimicrobial assay showed that pristine montmorillonite could not inhibit the growth of bacteria. Chitosan was less effective in inhibiting bacterial growth than chitosan modified by PTHF750. CS/MMT and CS-PTHF750/MMT nanocomposites had strong antimicrobial activity, particularly against Gram-positive bacteria. With the increase of the amount and the interlayer distance of the layered silicates in the nanocomposites, the nanocomposites showed a stronger antibacterial effect. None of the CS or CS-PTHF750 intercalated into PMMA-MMT significantly inhibiting all microorganisms.
Corrosion Behavior of Ferrous Materials in Different Characteristics of Water
Corrosion is one of the major problems affecting the performance, safety and appearance of metals. In the present study, the corrosion of ferrous materials like mild steel, aluminum-coated mild steel and mild steel with aluminum (sacrificial anode) are studied in different types of water (sea water, bore well water, synthetic sea water) for a period of 90 days. The experiment of these metals brought about significant changes in corrosion rate, OCP and pitting corrosion. Attempt of this study will be paramount to industrialists, materialists and engineering communities.
Synthesis and Characterization of Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) Complexes with Schiff Bases Derived from 3-Substituted-4-Amino-5-Mercapto-1,2,4-Triazoles and Ethylvanillin
The synthesis and structural characterization of two novel compounds, 4-(3-ethoxy-4-hydroxybenzylideneamino)-3-methyl-5-mercapto-s-triazole and 3-ethyl-4-(3-ethoxy-4-hydroxybenzylideneamino)-5-mercapto-s-triazole and their Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) complexes in 1:1 and 1:2 molar ratio have been described with the help of different techniques like IR, 1H-NMR, magnetic moment, electronic spectra, thermal and XRD studies. The Schiff bases are coordinated to metal ion through S and N. Octahedral geometry has been proposed around Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) metal ions and in case of Cu(II) the square planar geometry is expected.
Ultrasonic Studies in Binary Liquid Mixtures of Butylamine and Iso-Butylamine with 1-Decanol at 293, 303 and 313 K
Acoustic parameters like isentropic compressibility, acoustic impedance and intermolecular free length along with internal pressure of butylamine and iso-butylamine with 1-decanol have been determined from sound speed, density and viscosity measurements at 293, 303 and 313 K over the entire range of composition. These derived parameters were used to calculate excess functions like deviation in isentropic compressibility, excess acoustic impedance, excess intermolecular free length, excess internal pressure and excess enthalpy. Variation of these derived and excess functions with composition is helpful in understanding the type and extent of interactions present between the components of binary liquid mixtures. All the excess functions are fitted into Redlich–Kister polynomial equation to find smoothening coefficients and standard deviation. Further, various empirical and semi empirical relations of sound speed have also been correlated with experimental sound speed to find best suitable theory for the systems under investigation.
Synthesis, Structural Characterization and Biological Studies of Schiff Base Complexes Bearing Indole Moiety
Schiff base complexes of N2O2 type derived from indole-3-carboxaldehyde(ind) and amino acids such as glycine(gly), L-valine(val), and L-tryptophan(try) with Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Co(II) and Mn(II) were synthesized and characterized by physical and analytical techniques. The complexes are of non-electrolytic nature having 1:2 (metal:ligand) ratio. The geometry of the complexes was predicted with the combined data obtained from electronic spectral and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The mode of coordination of the Schiff base ligands with the metal ions is through the carboxylate oxygen and the azomethine nitrogen as confirmed by FT-IR spectra. The cyclic voltammogram of the Cu(II)complexes exhibit Cu(II)®Cu(I) peak in the cathodic side and the corresponding quasi-reversible type peak is obtained in the anodic side. The thermal behavior (TG/DTA) of the synthesized complexes shows that the complexes loose water molecules in the first step followed by decomposition of the ligand, which follows first order kinetics. The SEM analysis reveals the particle size and the morphology of the complexes. The X-band EPR spectrum of Cu-indgly complex in DMSO solution at 300 and 77 K was recorded. The calculated g tensor values agree with the geometry proposed by the electronic absorption spectral measurements. The M-indval complexes were studied for their cleaving ability with calf thymus DNA by gel electrophoresis method. The antibacterial activity of the Schiff base metal complexes was tested in vitro against some common bacteria using ampicillin as control. Antifungal activities were determined using nystatin as control. The results are compared with control; most of the metal chelates exhibited higher biological activities.
Studies on the Interaction of Oxovanadium (V) Ion with Human Serum Albumin by Physico-Chemical Methods
The pH-metric and transmittance studies between oxovanadium (V) and human serum albumin (HSA) have been made these studies were carried out below isoelectric pH of human serum albumin (HSA). With the help of these studies the binding of oxovanadium (V) and (HSA) were shown in the form of different parameters such as-VM, log Ks and ΔG˚. Effect of the electrolyte (KCl) on the transmittance of metal-prorein complexes was also studied in this paper.
Natural Bond Orbital, Bond Order and Frequency based Study of Hydrogen Bond Formation in Different Glycols-Water Complex
Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis, natural atomic orbital (NAO) analysis, Wiberg bond order, vibrational frequency, free energy and enthalpy changes for hydrogen bond formation in different polyethylene glycol + water complex and dipropylene glycol + water complex have been performed by Hatree Fock (HF) method, second order Møller–Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) and Density Functional Theory (DFT) using 6-31++G(d,p) basis set. In order to describe hydrogen bond interaction appropriately, B3LYP DFT-D, WB97XD, M06 and M06-2X functionals having dispersion term are used. It is observed that the hydrogen bond in glycol + 1 water complex is found to be stronger when glycol act as proton donor as per charge differences and Wiberg bond order. Glycol water complex have shown higher red shift values for hydrogen bonded O-H bond stretching compared to that of water dimer. The glycols are found to be potential inhibitors for water cluster, as formation of glycol + 1 water complex and glycol + 2 water complex are favourable process at high pressure (10 atm) and low temperature (263 K, 273 K) according to thermochemical calculations.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Reactivity Study of N-Pyrrolyl-P, P-Diphenylphosphino Sulfide/Selenide Ligand
We report the synthesis and solid state structures of the N-pyrrolyl-P,P-diphenylphosphino sulfide and selenide of molecular formulae [C4H4NP(S)Ph2] (1) and [C4H4NP(Se)Ph2] (2) respectively. Compounds 1 and 2 were prepared by one pot reaction of pyrrole and [Ph2P(E)Cl] (E = S and Se) in the presence of NaH as base at ambient temperature. In the solid state structure established by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, phosphorus atom adopts a distorted tetrahedral geometry and slight shortening of the P-N bond is observed. The compound 1 was treated with various bases (nBuLi, MeLi, KCH2Ph) to carry out the phospho-Fries rearrangement; however a N-P bond cleavage was observed to yield a sulfur derivative of phosphoalkanes in each case [C4H9P(S)Ph2 (3a), CH3P(S)Ph2 (3b) and PhCH2P(S)Ph2 (3c)]. All the products 3a-c were characterized by 1H and 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopy
Predicting the Physical Property of Asphaltene Molecule using Fuzzy System
Asphaltenes — the heaviest and most aromatic compounds of crude oil— have a strong tendency to aggregate in solution to form complex colloidal structures. They generally impede producing, transporting and refining of crude oil resources. An indepth knowledge of the physical behavior of asphaltenes is needed to mitigate these effects. Predicting the physical behavior of asphaltene such as density is complex and nonlinear as it is a complex molecular mixture and undergoes a thermodynamic liquid–liquid phase separation from sufficiently paraffinic solutions. Therefore, this problem is qualified to be modeled using fuzzy system. A Modified Learning From Examples (MLFE) algorithm is used to build the rules and membership functions while Recursive Least Squares (RLS) algorithm is adopted to tune the system. Thirty training points developed from molecular modeling technique using Compass force field by Materials Studio software are selected to train the fuzzy system. Molecular dynamics simulation values found from OPLSaa force field by LAMMPS software are used to evaluate the performance of the fuzzy system using six simulation points. It is found that the fuzzy system is capable of predicting the physical behavior of asphaltene molecule. The analysis also shows that the error for the simulation points depends significantly on the selected training points.
Ionic Liquids: Environmentally Benign Solvent for Extractive Deep-desulfurization of Liquid Fuels
In order to obtain the ultra-low sulfur fuels, deep desulfurization of fuels has become a vital subject of environmental studies. Extraction desulfurization system is one of the most promising desulfurization processes. The aim of this study is to investigate the possible use of Ionic liquids as an extractant for the removal of dibenzothiophene. Ionic Liquids as green solvents have recently been undergoing intensive research on the removal of thiophenic sulfur species from liquid fuels because of the limitations of the tradition hydrodesulfurization process in removing these species. In this work, deep extractive desulfurization of liquid fuels by Ten ILs were screened and employed as promising extractants for liquid fuel containing dibenzothiophene. 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide [BMIM]Br was the most promising and novel ILs and performed the best among the studied ILs under the same operating conditions. It can remove DBT from the liquid fuel in the single stage extraction process with the maximum desulfurization efficiency
A Computational Approach to Study Reversible Aging in SHRP AAA-1 Asphalt
This study is carried out computationally at atomic scale to determine reversible modifications of a specific group of asphalt. The specific asphalt group is defined by Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) as AAA-1. The chemical structure of AAA-1 asphalt is modeled using representative molecules drawn by LAMMPS software. LAMMPS molecular dynamics code is employed here to perform atomistic simulations. Simulation outputs give acceptable values of physical, thermodynamic and structural changes of asphalt due to reversible aging. Two factors are considered for reversible aging; they are temperature and physically mixed oxygen molecules to the system. Oxygen molecules varying from 1 to 4% of the molecular weight of model asphalt are mixed to the system. Presence of oxygen reduces heat of vaporization and cohesive energy density of asphalt. It also causes reduction in bond stretching, angle bending, and torsional energy of asphalt molecule. Finally, atomistic simulations prove that the intra-molecular van der Waals energy decreases, whereas; the intermolecular van der Waals energy increases as a result of reversible aging.
Levels of Essential and Non-essential Metals in Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Samples Collected from Different Locations of East Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia
The concentrations of essential metals (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Co and Ni) and non-essential metals (Cd and Pb) in garlic samples were determined using flame photometer for Na and K, and flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) for the rest of the metals. The samples were collected from four agricultural areas (Debre Markos, Dejen, Bichena and Debre Werk), East Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia. Wet digestion method using a mixture of 4 ml HNO3 and 1 ml HClO4 was used for digestion of the samples. The results obtained revealed that the concentrations of metals in the garlic samples in mg/kg dry weight were in the range of: Na (244–306), K (6514–8592), Ca (3142–4004), Mg (798–1322), Fe (136–172), Zn (57.6–83.6), Mn (27.2–27.5), Cu (8.15–13.4), Co (11.4–28.3), Ni (14.1–19.6), Cd (0.10–0.14) and Pb (0.68–1.43), respectively. In general, the levels of metals in Allium sativum collected from all sampling site was found to be decreased in the order of: K > Ca > Mg > Na > Fe > Zn > Mn > Co > Ni > Cu > Pb > Cd. The levels of metals determined in the analyzed garlic samples were found below the WHO maximum permissible limit; hence they are safe for human consumption and can be considered as good sources of essential nutrients
Nanostructured Coating Improves Properties of Metal: A Review
Due to better erosion resistance, strength and wear resistance, demand of nitride base coating is highly recommended for coating industry. Nitride coating is highly recommended for tribological applications due to good wear and corrosion resistance. Reactive magnetron sputtering process is an effective method for microstructural and tribological analysis. Reactive magnetron sputtering gives excellent mechanical properties such as low thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance, wear resistance and higher hardness. Nitride coating with high residual stresses gives better result on brittle materials as it improves its erosion resistance. This paper reviews different coating materials at different parameters and their effect on properties of the metal.
Chitosan-Glycine Cross-Linked Microspheres for Controlled Release of Isoniazid
Semi-interpenetrating polymer network microspheres of chitosan with glycine have been prepared for encapsulation and controlled release of isoniazid (INH) as a model drug. The method involved the exposure of microspheres to the vapor of cross-linking agent to effect the cross-linking under mild conditions. The swelling behavior, hydrolytic degradation and loading capacity of microspheres for INH have been investigated. The prepared microspheres have shown 96% drug loading capacity, which suggested that these semi-interpenetrating polymer network microspheres are suitable to controlled release of drugs in an oral sustained delivery system.
Investigation of Heat Transfer for Extruded Polymers Cooled in Water
The commodity articles from polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) are widely used in today’s world. To reduce the carbon footprint, biopolymers such as polylactic acid (PLA) as commodity plastics are also explored. Often, these polymers have to be extruded before they are fabricated for end users. The work described in this paper has been divided in two parts. In the first part PE, PP and PLA are subjected to extrusion and the extruded polymers are allowed to pass in a water bath having still water. The temperature of still water after 1, 5 and 10 min were determined experimentally using the digital temperature sensor. The temperature gains for the water after the immersion of the extruded polymers were determined at different time intervals. In the second part, the time taken by PE, PP and PLA to lose heat in water was analyzed theoretically with the help of MATLAB software package by taking into account the density, thermal conductivity, heat transfer coefficient and specific heat. The time taken by water (experimentally) to gain heat was then correlated with the time taken (theoretically) by the polymers to lose heat. The influence of Biot numbers for different polymers used in this study is also examined.
Comparative Quality Assesment of River Ganga and River Behar in Winter Season
The present study was conducted to the Comparative Quality Assessment of River Ganga and River Behar in Winter Season 2014 of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh State, India. All samples were compared with standard values recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Indian Standard (ISI) and BIS for drinking purpose. Seasonal variation in physical and chemical parameters like Colour, Odour, Taste, Turbidity, pH, Total hardness, calcium, magnesium, Total alkalinity, Chloride, TDS, etc. River water all parameters were comparatively analyzed for a period of winter season in the year of 2014. All parameters were found on the basis of the data analysis
The Vibration Intensity of Electronic States of Isotopic of Lithium Hydreid Li7H1 and Li7H2 Molecule
A calculation have been carried out for calculation of some of the spectroscopic properties of isotopes of Lithium Hydreid Li7H1 and Li7H2 molecules such as, the population of the vibration spectrum of electronic transition of ground state X, and excited states A as a function temperature ranging from 0 to 1000 K. This study shows that the populations and hence intensity of the molecule decreased exponential as the temperature increased. It was found that the population of the vibration spectrum of electronic transition of ground state X, greater than that of the excited states A
A Preliminary Computational Study of the Mechanism of Oxidation of D-Fructose by Iodine in Gas Phase
This paper presents a preliminary computational study of the mechanism of oxidation of D-fructose by iodine in the gas phase. The study shows that the oxidation reactions proceeded in three consecutive elementary steps, in which three transition states were produced. The reactions also produced two intermediates. Heats of formation and other thermodynamic parameters of all species involved were also calculated and presented. The results obtained were based on the analyses of the computational energetics of the optimised reactants, intermediates, transition states and products of the reaction of iodine with D-fructose. The study showed that the enthalpies of reactions as well as the activation barriers of the respective elementary steps were found to be reasonably acceptable and were consistent with the mechanisms proposed
Study of Machining Parameters by Pure Copper and Brass Powder Metallurgy Tool Electrode in EDM
In manufacturing today powder metallurgy has become competitive with processes such as casting, forging and machining particularly for relatively complex parts made of high-strength and hard alloys. Recent advances in this technology now permit manufacture of structural parts of aircraft such as landing gear, engine mount supports, engine disks, impellers and engine nacelle frames to be made by powder metallurgy operation. The aim of this paper is to design an appropriate electrode for EDM equipment by powder metallurgy operation. Based on appropriate design conditions and economic factors this paper performs a detailed study on various air cooled and furnace cooled Cu and brass electrodes and the most appropriate electrode is chosen so that machining with the electrode would be suitable for carrying out large machining operations. EDM gives highly accurate dimensional tolerances and better surface finish. So the whole paper investigates the appropriate electrode and proper production and machining parameters to optimize the machining costs occurring during machining by EDM. From production point of view the electrodes fabricated by powder metallurgy technique is more economical than electrodes manufactured by other manufacturing processes. Based on the economic considerations, quality factors and ease of availability copper and brass were selected as appropriate materials for the electrode. Comparatively air cooled copper electrode was found to be more suitable than brass electrode for machining on EDM
air cooled and furnace cooled Cu and brass electrode
Preliminary Studies of the Effects of Some Extraction Methods/Procedures on the Yield and Physicochemical Properties of African Breadfruit Seed Oil (Treculia africana)
African breadfruit seed oil (ABFSO) was extracted using traditional and solvent extraction methods. The procedure for the solvent extraction was varied as different solvent including; n-hexane, methanol, xylene and acetone were used in the extraction. The least oil yield (3.6%) was obtained from the traditional method while the highest was obtained using n-hexane in solvent extraction. The oil extracts which includes the traditional extract (TDE), n-hexane extract (N-HE), methanol extract (MTE), xylene extract (XYE), and acetone extract (ACE), were further characterized for physicochemical properties such as free fatty acid (FFA), iodine value (IV), peroxide value (PV), saponification value (SV), acid value (AV), ester value (EV), moisture content (MC), refractive index (RI), density, pH and relative viscosity. Results show significant variations in some physicochemical properties with the extraction methods/procedures. This recommends the potential utility of ABFSO in different applications based on the extraction method/procedure. The work also present the possibility of extraction method/procedure selection based on cost and environmental factors.
Heat Integration Analysis for an HDA Process Using Pinch Analysis
In this study a retrofitted heat exchanger network (HEN) is proposed for an existing HDAprocess plant by pinch analysis using Aspen energy analyzer. In the HDA process, benzene is produced by hydrodealkylation of toluene. From the existing plant operating data a HEN is extracted. Analysis of both design and retrofit analysis are done for the existing process plant. From design analysis it is known that ten alternative designs are possible with payback period range 14 to 30 years so that these design alternatives can be rejected. After that, retrofit analysis is done. From retrofit analysis the payback period is less than 2 years and the alternative HEN for the existing process developed. Alternative HEN is achieved by adding six new heat exchangers. It increased the capital investment but the investment returns in less than 2 years by reducing the annual energy cost.
Studies on Physico-Chemical Properties of Ulhas River Water along Dombivli City Near Mumbai
Ulhas River is one amongst the polluted rivers. The Ulhas River has its origin in Sahyadri hills near Khandala. It flows down through the industrial areas of cities such as Badlapur Ambernath, Ambivli, Ulhasnagar, Kalyan, Dombivli and finally meets the Arabian Sea. The Dombivli city is situated near Mumbai in the Maharashtra State of India. The city has tremendously industrialized, which subsequently increased the generation of wastes from these industries. Major industries have waste treatment facilities set up. However, most of the industries are small scale industries and have very slim profit margins. Hence they may not afford to spend large amounts on the waste treatment facility. This has resulted in to the alleged discharge of large amount of contaminated and untreated industrial waste into the nearby flowing Ulhas River. This indicates the improper environmental planning and the ineffectiveness in the implementation of Environmental Protection Rules. This effluent waste has a significant adverse impact on the water of Ulhas River. The pollution load is tremendously increasing day by day and the situation may become severe and out of control. This has triggered and provoked us to conduct a systematic and detailed study of physico chemical properties of water samples collected along the Ulhas River along the Dombivli City, near Mumbai. The study was conducted in year 2012 and 2013, near the discharge of effluents from Dombivli industrial belt Phase I and Phase II. Sampling of water was performed at four different sampling locations, along the Ulhas River, where effluent waste is discharged from the nearby Dombivli industrial belt. The analysis of physico-chemical parameters like pH, Alkalinity, Chloride, Sulphates, Phosphate, Cyanide, Fluoride Content, Conductivity, Hardness, Dissolved Solids, Suspended Solids, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) in water samples was done. The results of study revealed that there is an urgent need for systematic and regular monitoring of pollution level along the Ulhas River which will help to improve the adopted industrial waste treatment procedure. Such scientific studies will facilitate the determination of the extent of pollution to avoid long term irreparable damage to the ecosystem.
Pervaporation: Promising Method for Separation of Ethanol Using Fermentation
Various separation processes were used in the chemical industry along with their corresponding separating agents. The separation processes play a critical role in various chemical process industries, including the removal of impurities from raw materials, purification of products, separation of recycle streams, and removal of contaminants from air and effluents. Hence, it can be intensified by integrating existing and new unit operations, it offers a huge increase in efficiency and controllability, thereby saving a lot of raw materials and energy, reducing waste production, increasing yield and quality and improving production safety. This review, deals on the development and implementation of small scale continuous processes and processing systems helping chemical industries to get more out of their processes. A new hybrid processes combining functions like conversion and separation into a single unit i.e. in-situ or ex-situ type can be developed.
Analysis of Heavy Metal Levels in Some Edible Fruits from Selected Markets in Ethiopia
This study was conducted to determine the concentration of nine heavy metals (Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, Co, Ni, Cr, Pb and Cd) in selected edible fruits namely: avocado, mango, papaya, pineapple, orange and banana purchased from Awassa and Addis Ababa markets. Dry ashing method was used for the digestion of samples. The heavy metals were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The results obtained showed that the concentrations of heavy metals in Addis Ababa market ranged from 0.39–3.13, 3.82–57.07, 1.81–6.76, 1.2–4.04, 0.30–0.67, 0.17–0.50, 0.14–0.39 and 0.09–0.37 mg/kg for Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Co, Ni, Cr and Pb, respectively. In fruit samples collected from Awassa market the concentrations of Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Co, Ni, Cr and Pb ranged from 0.13–0.50, 0.87–11.60, 0.46–1.60, 0.27–1.27, 0.08–0.22, 0.10–0.25, 0.06–0.12 and 0.07–0.18 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. Cadmium was not detected in any of the samples. In addition, the mean concentrations of metals in the fruits collected from Addis Ababa market decreases in the following order: Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu > Co > Ni > Cr > Pb > Cd while fruits collected from Awassa market decreases in the following order: Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu > Ni > Co > Pb > Cr > Cd. The levels of metals studied were all below the permissible limits set by FAO/WHO. Hence, they are safe for the local consumers.
Preliminary Study on the Production of Activated Carbon from Moringa Oleifera Seed Shells by Thermal Activation Method
Activated carbon was prepared from Moringa oleifera seed shells by thermal activation method. The carbonization and activation temperatures were 500, 600 and 700°C respectively, at 13 min for each process after pre-carbonization for 25 min. The pH of the activated carbon produced were 9.55 at 500°C, 9.78 at 600°C and 9.97 at 700°C while the yield decreased with increase in temperature as follows: 30.40% at 500°C, 29.35% at 600°C and 16.95% at 700°C respectively. The results show that the capacity for a carbon to absorb impurities tend to improve as the temperature of the production increased
Physico-Chemical Analysis of Underground Water in Winter Season 2014 of Rewa City (M.P.), India
This paper presents physico-chemical analysis of underground water in winter season in the year of 2014 of Rewa district, Madhya Pradesh state, India. Most of samples are within prescribed limits as suggested by World Health Organization (WHO), Indian Standard Institute (ISI) for drinking purpose and BIS desirable limit. Seasonal changes in physical and chemical parameters like colour, odour, taste, pH, total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, sodium, sulphate, carbonate, bicarbonate, nitrate, total alkalinity, and chloride etc. were analyzed for a period of year 2014 in winter season. Some parameters were found in some limits.
The term entrepreneur appears to have been introduced by Richard Cantillon, an Irish economist of French descent, in early 1700. According to Cantillon's original formulation, the entrepreneur is a specialist in taking on risk. He insures workers by buying their products (or their labor services) for resale before consumers have indicated how much they are willing to pay for them. Entrepreneurship thus calls for a gut feel for things, a gut feel for the future. Someone who can mix this feeling with leadership is a successful entrepreneur. As Colin Powell once said, “Leadership is the art of accomplishing more than the science of management says is possible”.
Studies on Waste Water Treatment in Three Phase Semifluidized Bed Bioreactors: Computer Aided Analysis and Software Development
Design and performance analysis of three phase semifluidized biofilm reactors for aerobic treatment of industrial effluents have been attempted. Bioconversion processes that follow Monod-type kinetics and those following Haldane-Andrews kinetics (involving substrate inhibition to microbial growth) have been considered as typical cases. The bioreactor has been modelled mathematically by solving performance equations separately for the packed section and for the fluidized section, considering dispersed flow in both of these sections, the degree of axial dispersion being of larger magnitude in the fluidized section. The developed CAD package has been verified by comparing with typical pilot plant data. The attractive features of semifluidized bioreactors of this kind (operation at high capacity, high degree of BOD removal/pollutant degradation, which increases with increase in feed flow rate, low reactor volume requirement as compared to fluidized bed bioreactors operating on the same feedstock) have been adequately highlighted
Development of Nanoparticles as Additive to Drilling Mud to be Used as Viscosity and Filtrate Loss Modifier
Conventional drilling fluids are often unable to fulfill certain functional tasks that are very important in challenging environment. This inefficiency of drilling fluid in performing certain task is mainly because of lack in particular rheological or filtrate loss properties. Hence, the industry is looking for a new kind of additives which can be helpful in maintaining these properties in desired range even under extreme conditions. Rice husk is an abundantly available agricultural waste which contains almost 15% silica in it. In this work, silica nanoparticles were synthesized from rice husk and used as an additive to improve the rheological and filtration loss properties. Synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX). A general fluid was prepared that contained barite (6%), bentonite (3%) and carboxymethyl cellulose (3%) and the composition of nanomud was barite (6%), bentonite (3%), carboxymethyl cellulose (3%) and prepared silica nano particles (1%). Rheological studies were conducted on the two drilling fluids at different temperatures in the range of 30 to 100°C. API filtrate loss study was also conducted on both drilling fluids. Initial test results indicate that the newly developed nano-based drilling fluid exhibits improved rheological properties and shows less fluid loss as compared to the normal drilling fluid
Studies on Biological Degradation of 4-Bromophenol Using Anaerobic, Anoxic and Aerobic Bioreactors
The present study investigates biodegradation of 4-Bromophenol (4-BP) and simultaneous removal of COD in anaerobic, anoxic and aerobic moving bed bioreactors. Cow dung slurry was used as a source of microbial consortium for acclimatization in moving bed reactors in batch mode. The acclimated microbial consortium was able to degrade various concentrations such as 5, 10 and 15 mg/l of 4-BP within specific time period. Biodegradation was evaluated by determining total degradation of 4-BP and simultaneous removal of COD. Nearly 97, 90.54 and 98.99% degradation of 4-BP and 76, 60 and 85% removal of COD was achieved in anaerobic, anoxic and aerobic reactor, respectively.
Removal of Thiophene from Model Fuel Using Titanium Catalyst
Organosulfur compounds like thiophene (Th) and its alkyl derivatives are the major unwanted species present in crude oil fractions as they lead to the formation of sulfur oxides after combustion of the fuel and these oxides of sulfur cause severe environmental damage. Oxidative desulfurization (ODS) process is considered as one of the best alternative deep desulfurization technologies compared to hydrodesulfurization. In the ODS process, the sulfur compounds are oxidized to corresponding sulfones and subsequent removal of these sulfones from fuel is performed by simple separation processes such as extraction, adsorption etc. Titanium-based zeolites show good catalytic activity for the ODS with tertiary butyl hydroperoxide as the oxidant. In the current investigation, oxidation of thiophene (TH) in iso-octane with t-butyl hydroperoxide is studied in a batch reactor in a non-severe condition using titanium silicate-1 (TS-1) as the catalyst. The effect of different process parameters on the reaction rate were studied in detail. Apparent rate constant was calculated at five different temperatures. The activation energy and frequency factor for the reaction were estimated to be 26.67 kJ/mol and 0.077 respectively.
Studies on Naturally Extracted Surfactant to Enhance Flow Properties of Crude Oil
Indian heavy crude oil sample from Gujarat was studied for improvement of properties such as pour point, wax crystal structure, particle size analysis and viscosity by addition of a novel surfactant extracted from a tropical Indian plant Sapindus mukorossi. Characterization was done to find the effect of surfactant addition on individual components of the crude oil such as saturates, asphaltenes, resins and aromatics. The objective was to increase the flowability of the oil and determine which components of the surfactant interact with the crude oil to improve its flow behavior. Heavy crude oil sample was mixed with 4% w/w of Sapindus followed by stirring the samples for one hour and proceeding for tests. The results showed that pour point decreased by a significant amount after adding Sapindus to it and that decrease in pour point was due to reduction in the amount of saturates, aromatics, resins and asphaltenes present in the crude oil. There was a profound reduction in size of wax crystals when investigated under microscopic and particle size analysis. Surfactant addition had a tremendous effect on viscosity. The viscosity of crude oil at 30°C after addition of surfactant, was even less than that of heavy crude without surfactant at 50°C.
Selection and Preparation of Solvent for Wax Dissolution in Heavy Crude Oil Wells
Remedial measures for wax deposition problems in production wells are very hectic due to production down time and expenditure required for removal of heavy and waxy crude oil. Chemical treatment techniques with solvent formulation derived from many laboratory experiments were carried out with the waxy crude oil sample to recover the solidified wax inside the pipelines and wellbores. A list of chemical solvents including three dispersants was mixed in different volumetric compositions to study the solubility of the crude oil. The solvent mixture with optimum solubility among them was identified and suggested for further experiments on a laboratory prototype to measure the production rate at different temperatures ranging from the pour point of crude oil to 90°C. A conclusion was established for the best mixture of solvents for wax dissolution based on availability, toxicity, flammability and other major contributing factors.
Electro-oxidation Study of Acetic Acid at Low Temperature in Membraneless Micro-fluidic Fuel Cell for Portable Power Application
The global energy crisis due to dependence on fossil fuel and its limited reserves followed by environmental pollution are the key concerns to the research communities. However, recently developed micro-fluidic fuel cells using hydrogen-rich fuels are most likely to replace the batteries, due to their compactness, high efficiency and simplicity in operation. In this context, the PtxSn/C (where, x=1, 3, 5) electrode-catalysts were prepared and the electro-oxidation of acetic acid was investigated on most active Pt3Sn/C anode. The prepared electrode-catalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The Y-shaped micro-fluidic fuel cell was fabricated with help of CNC machine on perspex sheet. The anode and cathode were prepared using Pt3Sn/C and Pt/C (Alfa Aesar, USA) respectively, with electrode-catalyst loading of 1 mg/cm2 in both the electrodes. Acetic acid solutions of 1, 1.5 and 2 M concentrations were used as fuel at anode. 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 M H2SO4 solutions were used as electrolytes. The oxidants at the cathode were 1, 2 and 3 M solutions of H2O2. The open circuit voltage (OCV) was measured at different flow rates of anode (acetic acid+H2SO4) and cathode (H2O2+H2SO4) mixtures. The maximum OCV of 0.13 V was obtained for 2 M acetic acid mixed with 0.2 M H2SO4. The maximum power density of 0.036 mW/cm2 at current density of 0.47 mA/cm2 was obtained for 1.5 M acetic acid at the anode and 2 M H2O2 as oxidant in 0.2 M H2SO4 at the cathode. The optimum flow rates of anode and cathode side were found to be 1.125 ml/min for OCV of 0.118 V.
Reduction of Chemical Oxygen Demand of Industrial Reverse Osmosis (RO) Reject Water by Hydrogen Peroxide Treatment
Reverse osmosis (RO) technology is now applied in many industrial water treatment processes for producing low saline water which are required for demineralized water production for boiler operation of thermal power generation plant, metallurgy and many others. The RO reject water having high salinity are mostly rich in sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and other metal salts of chloride, sulphate, sulphite, nitrate, nitrite, silica (SiO2), carbonate, bicarbonate, hydroxide and many other trace metal salts which contribute to high chemical oxygen demand (COD). The RO reject water could not be discharged directly to river or sea due to high COD as it would be fatal for aquatic organisms and create a threat for their existence and also rupture the ecological balances. This research work shows that the high COD value of RO reject water can be reduced up to the required limit by treatment of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the RO reject water discharge line. The high COD value can be controlled up to the required limit as per environmental legislation by optimum dosing of H2O2 which is safe for aquatic species.
Studies on Flow of Emulsified Crude Oil through Horizontal Pipelines
The experiments were carried out in a 1 in horizontal pipe to study the effect of water content on pressure drop during the flow of crude oil at different flow rates and temperature conditions. Crude oil collected from the North Santhal city (Mehsana) was used as test fluid. The experiments were conducted to understand the influence of the water content and temperature at different flow rates. Triton X-100 (TX-100) was mixed with water to increases the flowability of crude oil. The experiments were also carried out at different temperatures ranging from 25 to 40°C. The results show a significant influence of water as well as temperature on the pressure drop and percentage of drag reduction. The pressure drop and percentage of drag reduction were calculated on the basis of the experimental data. Maximum pressure drop was observed at 0% water fraction and at 25°C. Lower pressure drop was observed at 15% water fraction and at 40°C. Drag reductions up to 59.05% were observed at 15% water content and 40°C.
Flotation technology is widely used to recover and concentrate minerals from the ores. The technique involves, inducing surface hydrophobicity to a mineral selectively and collect the same through air bubbles from aqueous phase. For the efficient design of flotation processes and equipment, an in-depth understanding of hydrophobic hydration of floatable mineral particles is essential. The different theories associated with and the underlying mechanisms are surveyed in this paper.
Short Communication Defluidization Using High-Alkali Content Fuels in Fluidized Bed Biomass Gasifiers
A major problem however often encountered in fluidized beds is bed agglomeration, which may result in total defluidization, leading to unscheduled downtime and additional costs. This problem is found to be critical in fluidized bed combustion and gasification of biomass fuels which have high ash and alkali contents
Studies on Production of Biogas by Co-digestion of Sewage Sludge, Wastepaper and Waste Grown Algae
Abundantly produced sewage sludge in wastewater treatment plants and algae grown in wastewater are the potentially important biomass for the production of biogas. Experimental investigations have been conducted to study the feasibility of co-digestion of the organic fraction of municipal sludge, waste paper, and waste grown algae under anaerobic mesophilic (37oC) conditions in lab-scale bioreactors. Quantity and quality of the biogas, volatile solid reduction and start-up period for the reactions were taken into consideration. Single substrate digestion and co-digestion of the three substrates with different organic loading rates were analyzed in the study. Results show that in the co-digestion by the addition of waste grown algae and paper to the sewage sludge, the biogas volume is increased to 60% and considerable volatile solid reduction is observed as 50% for an organic loading rate of 5.0 gmvs/l. Moreover, co-digestion improved the performance of the bioreactor by stimulating the anaerobic digestion yield and balancing the carbon to nitrogen ratio in the reactor.
Optical Absorption and Electronic Properties of 4-Amino- antipyrine Schiff’s Bases: A Combined Experimental and DFT Study
The Schiff base compounds (A1–A9) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, UV-Vis, mass spectrometry, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. Electronic absorption spectra of A1–A9 are studied in various solvents with different polarity like hexane, chloroform, methanol and dimethyl sulfoxide. To support and better understanding of experimental results, density functional theory (DFT), time dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations has been carried out for these molecules and are in good agreement with the experimental values
Study the Effect of Crystallization in Blown Film Matrix of High Density Polyethylene
Crystallization in structure of high density polyethylene (HDPE) was investigated by scanning electron spectroscopy (SEM) that appeared as gel formation (unmelted spot of polymer) in film matrix for both compared films of HDPE i.e., it directly affect the mechanical properties (tear strength, elongation, and tensile strength at break). At the same time, we determined the degree of crystallinity measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD) which showed that the crystallinity exceeded more than 45% in HDPE. The XRD is associated with partial alignment of their molecular side chains.
Physico-chemical Analysis of Water Sample from Bwaji Stream
The important of water safety for drinking and other human activities cannot be over emphasise. However, the safety of drinking water is affected by various contaminants as a result of anthropogenic activities. Such contaminants cause serious health problems. Bwaji Stream being the source of water to the community, the physico-Chemical parameters of the water were evaluated to ascertain the purity of the source and avoid likely health problems as a result of using the water. The finding reveals that the source of water before Ara town conforms to specifications set by World Health Organisation (WHO) and Standard Organisation of Nigeria (SON) while the conductivity of the stream at Ara town and beyond has slightly exceeded the threshold limit set by WHO and SON.
Design and Analysis of Pressure Vessel Pan (shell) of Conventional Jacket Type
Pressure vessels are leak proof containers, as the name implies, their main purpose is to contain a given medium under pressure and temperature. Pressure vessels are commonly used in industry to carry both liquid and gases under required pressure and temperature limit. This pressure and temperature comes from an external source or by the application of heat from a direct or indirect source or any combination of them. This project deals with design and analysis of conventional type pressure vessel for industry. This project investigates, failure of conventional jacket type vessel on basis of thermal analysis, the work is carried out by the designing of pressure vessel as per the DIN standard, for given design conditions for various parameters. In that analysis and designing is carried out by ANSYS and CREO software
Study on Photocatalytic Cement Concrete for the Degradation of Textile Dyes
This process is developed in the way that low level usage of chemical such as Titanium-di-oxide and urea along with the cement concrete structure for the photocatalytic activity under sunlight. When the cement concrete structure is introduced the sustainability of the process is increased so the efficient use of the reactant is achieved. From this study we obtained that the photocatalytic way of separation of waste ions can increase the purification process. The feed water is the waste from the common effluent plant with high in BOD and COD content. Two crystalline forms of TiO2, viz. anatase and rutile were tested for their photocatalytic activity. The extent of photocatalytic degradation was found to increase with increasing TiO2 concentration up to 2 g/L TiO2, 5 g/L urea above which degradation remained practically constant. Textile waste degradation was enhanced at acidic conditions and in the addition of hydrogen peroxide. For the assessment of catalyst activity on repeated use, experiments were performed; after thrice successive uses, TiO2 had sufficiently retained its photocatalytic activity and to perform the kinetic studies.
3′,4′-Methylenedioxy Moiety Containing Murrayanine Based Chalcone as Emerging Anti-inflammatory Agent
Natural products are the emerging compounds for treating a wide variety of ailments. In a recent trend, rational semi-synthesis remained an impressive approach for developing inhibitors with pronounced activity. 3′,4′-methylenedioxy have been found to be present in a variety of compounds expressing anti-mycobacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, analgesic, anti-pyretic, etc. The present study focuses on the rational development of (E)-3-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-1-(1-methoxy-9H-carbazol-3-yl)prop-2-en-1-one from murrayanine and 3′,4′-(methylenedioxy)acetophenone and investigating the anti-inflammatory activity of the fabricated hybrid. The influence of the 3′,4′-methylenedioxy group present in the ring-B of the murrayanine-chalcone scaffold was explored. The optimization of the essential structure and their emphasis on pronounce activity was determined. The present work revealed the fabrication of 3′,4′-methylenedioxy moiety containing murrayanine based chalcone through a semi-synthetic approach. The compound through 3′,4′-methylenedioxy portion exhibited anti-inflammatory potential after 3 hrs by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and lipoxygenase (LOX), the major intermediates and promoter of inflammatory responses. Lipophilicity may be considered as a key factor in exhibiting the biological activity via swiftly crossing the biological membrane. The research has opened new doors for developing the natural product based inhibitors which will have better edema reducing potentials with low toxicity. The study will inspire the chemists in developing therapeutically active natural products based 3′,4′-methylenedioxy compounds.
Copyright (c) 2018 Journal of Modern Chemistry & Chemical Technology
Passive Capillary Flow of Aqueous Working Liquids in the PMMA Sudden Expansion Microchannels
In this report, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) as polymer is used to fabricate the sudden expansion microchannels. Maskless lithography and hot embossing lithography are used for pattern transfer resulting into the fabrication of PMMA microchannel structures. Direct bonding is used as the sealing method. Aqueous ethanol and aqueous isopropyl alcohol (IPA) are prepared as aqueous working liquids. The capillary flow characteristics are studied in total 4 individual sudden expansion microchannels, using the prepared aqueous working liquids. This work will be useful for bioengineering applications.
Ferrocenium Ion Encapsulated Montmorillonite Clay as a Voltammetric Sensor for Distinguishing Amino Acids Glycine and Alanine
Detection and determination of small bio-molecules and metal ions are of great importance for diagnosis of a number of diseases and understanding environmental pollution leading to extensive research on development of sensors. Among different sensors, electrochemical sensors are unique because of simplicity, low cost, easy maintenance and easy in vivo applications. Voltammetric sensor, one of the major constituents of electrochemical sensors, is essentially a surface modified working electrode (WE). The modifying agents may be surfactants, lipids, zeolites, clays etc. to name a few with or without a probe molecule. This paper embodies ferrocene encapsulated montmorillonite clay modified GC electrode as distinguishing voltammetric sensor between glycine and alanine. The redox currents of the modified electrode decrease to different extent on its interaction with glycine and alanine. Cite this Article. Rimki Bhattacharjya. Ferrocenium Ion Encapsulated Montmorillonite Clay as a Voltammetric Sensor for Distinguishing Amino Acids Glycine and Alanine. Journal of Modern Chemistry & Chemical Technology. 2018; 9(1): 8–11p.
Samarium Borohydride as Effective Reagent for Synthesis of Various Imines and Secondary Amines
A new and economical route for the oxidative homo-coupling of benzylamines with other aryl amines, and cross-coupling of benzyl alcohol and diverse arylamines to give respective imines with a high yield, and chemo-selectivity using samarium borohydride as the catalyst in a mild condition is reported. The sequential addition of samarium borohydride in a one-pot reaction to the imines generated in situ led to the generation of a number of secondary amines from the corresponding imines under elevated temperature. The use of samarium borohydride as a competent reagent for homo-coupling, cross-coupling, and the reduction of imines to secondary amine formation displayed a broad substrate scope. The reaction proceeded easily to afford the variously substituted imines, which eventually converted to secondary amines in yields that can be characterized as ranging between good and excellent.
Application of Heterocyclic Compounds in Everyday Life
Heterocyclic compounds are of very much interest in our daily life. They have high significance in our living system. Heterocyclic compounds have a wide range of applications in agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, veterinary products etc. They are also used as starting material in the synthesis of organic compounds. These are also used in sanitizers, developers, anti-ordinates, corrosion inhibitors etc. Heterocyclic compounds are the cyclic compounds which contain one or more different atoms other than carbon in a ring structure. These compounds may be aromatic or anti-aromatic. Heterocyclic compounds widely found in nature, e.g. pyramiding and purine are the parts of DNA, vitamins and enzymes. Heterocyclic compounds are very important for human survival too. They are important information carrier. These are used in neurotransmitter and pyrimidines; nucleoside is a part of genetic material that transfers information from one generation to other. This review article focuses on the importance of heterocyclic compounds in our life in different ways.
Experimental Investigation of Properties of Friction Stir Welded Butt Joints of Dissimilar Aluminium Alloys 6061 and 6082
Friction stir welding (FSW) is an innovative welding process commonly known as a solid state welding process. The aim of the present work, to study the effect of welding parameters through; tool rotation speed, welding speed and depth of cut on the micro-structure and mechanical properties of FSW butt joints of dissimilar aluminium alloy. The results showed that joint between 6061 and 6082 plates were successfully obtained. The average size of Aluminium grains increase with increasing the tool rotational speed or decreasing the weld speed. The hardness of welded region was higher than the hardness range of work specimen. The average hardness of weld region increase with increasing the welding speed and reducing the tool rotational speed, the tensile test result show that the welded joints have better tensile properties than base alloy. Cite this Article Lovedeep Singh, Charanjit Singh, Khushdeep Goyal et al. Experimental Investigation of Properties of Friction Stir Welded Butt Joints of Dissimilar Aluminium Alloys 6061 and 6082. Journal of Modern Chemistry & Chemical Technology. 2017; 8(3): 17–23p.
Copyright (c) 2017 Journal of Modern Chemistry & Chemical Technology
Arsenic Removal by Using Low Cost Non-conventional (NLP, PLP, ALP) Adsorbents
Abstract In present study, Azadirachta indica (neem leaves), Ficus religiosa (peepal leaves), Emblica officinalis (amla leaves) used as adsorbent. Batch experiments were conducted to study the adsorption behaviour. The material was characterized by FTIR, XRD, TGA-DTA, and SEM-EDS. The extent of arsenic removal capacity was tested by the material by varying the solution parameters like adsorbent dose, adsorbate concentration and pH of the solution, contact time and temperature. The amount of arsenic adsorption increases with the increase of adsorbent concentration which indicates that adsorption depends upon the availability of active sites for arsenic. The experimental data were correlated reasonably well by Freundlich adsorption isotherm. The optimum conditions for the removal of arsenic from water are initial concentration: 0.1 mg/L, adsorbent dose: 1 g/50 mL, pH: 6.0, temperature 50ºC±2ºC, contact time: 30 min. and shaking time: 1 h is worked out. Increasing order of arsenic adsorption on leaf powders was as follows: NLP > ALP > PLP. It can therefore, be potentially applied for the treatment of water contaminated by arsenate. Keywords: Adsorption; low cost adsorbent; Arsenic concentration; Water treatment Cite this Article Shikha Saxena, Nisha Singh, Nidhi Jain, Arsenic Removal by Using Low Cost Nonconventional (NLP, PLP, ALP) Adsorbents Journal of Modern Chemistry & Chemical Technology. 2018; 9(3): 29–39p.
Mechanical performance of polymer composites reinforced with natural fibers for reliable structural biomaterial
Abstract Hybrid nanocomposite that exploits the synergy between natural fibers (industrial jute) in nano-reinforced unsaturated polyester (UP) based polymer can lead to improved properties while maintaining environmental appeal. Reinforcement of the UP-based resin with natural fibers (industrial jute) permits to retain flexural strength and hardness without sacrificing modulus, while also improving tribological properties. The industrial jute reinforced UP matrix composites having different filler was fabricated by compression molding technique and the variation of loading was taken as 5, 10 and 15 wt.%. Characterization of different polymer composites verified this synergistic behavior in which with 10 wt.% natural fibers (industrial jute) improve significant bulk and nanomechanical properties. Optimum designs that maximize the interaction of the constituents are thus possible and the presented results provide an initial benchmark to identify such balance, and thus increase the performance of natural fibers-based composites in structural biomaterials application. Keywords: Thermosetting composites, natural fibre, nanoindentation, scratch Cite this Article Podder A, Lenka PK, Biswas A, et al. Mechanical performance of polymer composites reinforced with natural fibers for reliable structural biomaterial. Journal of Modern Chemistry & Chemical Technology. 2018; 9(3): 13–22p.
Computational study of some heterocyclic scaffolds derived from quinazoline and Mannich base Sydnone
Abstract The current study reports design and diversity-oriented synthesis of novel heterocycles incorporating thioureido linkage and mesoionic compounds could find new applications in biology. Employing reagent-based skeletal diversity approach; a facile synthesis of quinazoline and sydnone moiety has been accomplished. The synthesized compounds were characterized by IR and 1H NMR-spectral data, and elemental analysis. The structural and electronic properties of newly synthesized compounds have been explored theoretically by performing semi-empirical molecular orbital theory at the level of PM6 of theory. Henceforth, computational chemistry can assist the experimental chemist or it can challenge the experimental chemist to find entirely new chemical objects. Keywords: Computational study, quinazoline, mannich base, thioureido linkage Cite this Article Modi J. Computational Study of Some Heterocyclic Scaffolds Derived from Quinazoline and Mannich Base Sydnone. Journal of Modern Chemistry & Chemical Technology. 2018; 9(3): 8–12p.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Chalcone Derivatives and Schiff bases derivatives as Antibacterial
Abstract Six substituted chalcones have been synthesized by condensing benzaldehyde derivatives with acetophenone in dilute ethanolic sodium hydroxide solution at room temperature according to Claisen-Schmidt condensation. In addition, four of Schiff bases have been prepared via imine condensation between substituted benzaldehyde firstly with (3) 2-aminophenol, secondly, with phenylhydrazine. Moreover, study the efficient of synthesized compounds as antibacterial agents were evaluated. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by the melting points depending on known literature. The new in our research is that we have evaluated and compared these compounds against some kinds of bacteria. Keywords: Chalcones derivates, Claisen-Schmidt condensation, Schiff base derivates, Antibacterial agents Cite this Article Nada Elsharif, Mohamed Alnaily, Amnnah Loujanqi, Synthesis and Evaluation of Chalcone Derivatives and Schiff bases Derivatives as Antibacterial. 2018. Journal of Modern Chemistry & Chemical Technology. 2018; 9(3): 1–7p.
Schiff base derivates Antibacterial agents
Synthesis, physicochemical and FTIR characterization of vegetable oil-based polyol from (Ximenia americana) seed oil.
Abstract To source for alternatives vegetable oil in the production of polyol, oil was extracted from Ximenia americana seed, and the oil yield was recorded to be 51%. Using standard methods, X. americana seed oil (XSO) was analyzed for its refractive index, density, acid value, peroxide value, iodine value and viscosity, and the results obtained were 1.3680, 0.867 g/cm3, 0.2805 mg KOH/g, 31.33 meqO2/kg, 92.46 mgI2/100 g, 225.23 Cp (at 25°C), respectively. XSO was epoxidized using formic acid and hydrogen peroxide and then hydroxylated to synthesize a polyol. The oxirane content (2.48%) and iodine value conversion (62.86%) of the epoxidized X. americana seed oil (EXSO) showed that the reaction occur, while the hydroxyl value (165.0 mgKOH/g) and the high viscosity obtained for the product after hydroxylation of EXSO affirmed ring opening reaction leading to the formation of polyol. Polyol synthesized was comparatively characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and there were similarities in the major peaks of the synthesized polyol as compared to a commercial polyol. Results obtained from this study present the basis for the potentials of XSO in the production of polyols which is an important material in the production of polyurethane foam. Keywords: Ximenia americana, vegetable oil, epoxidation, polyol Cite this Article Osemeahon SA, Okoye SI. Synthesis, Physicochemical and FTIR Characterization of Vegetable Oil-Based Polyol from Ximenia americana Seed Oil. Journal of Modern Chemistry & Chemical Technology. 2018; 9(3): 23–28p.
Plant Seeds as Biosorbents for the Purification of Water
Water purification is essential to overcome drinking water problem. This study was carried out to find out suitable low cost biosorbents for the purification of physiochemical parameters of water. Moringa (Moringa oleifera), Nelli (Phyllanthus acidus), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), java plum (Syzygium cumini) and mangrove apple (Sonneratia caseolaris) seeds were used and their efficiency was compared with activated charcoal as a reference. Water samples were collected from a selected drinking well at Vantharumoolai, Chenkalady. 100 mg/L dosage of dried seeds powder was taken, and they were mixed with the collected water samples and were left for 2 hours. The treated water samples with seeds and activated charcoal were examined for different physiochemical parameters such as fluoride, conductivity, pH, hardness, chloride, Total dissolved solids (TDS), cadmium, calcium, iron, magnesium, colour and odour. Among the tested seeds, Moringa seed showed the highest ability to reduce pH (8.31 to 7.30), chloride (62.73%), hardness (23.07%), calcium (38.27%), magnesium (10.63%), cadmium (80%) & Iron (75.10%) whereas activated charcoal reduced those parameters (8.31 to 8.08), 56.92%, 30.76%, 49.25%, 15.61%, 82%, and 82.09% respectively. Mangrove apple seed has reduced the conductivity (21.67 %) and TDS (23.28 %) significantly whereas activated charcoal reduced it by 21.29% and 22.28% respectively. Nelli seed has reduced the fluoride in the contaminated water significantly (24.45%) whereas activated charcoal reduced it by 7.26% and all seeds have shown the ability to remove the colour of water samples. Moringa seeds were found to be the best seeds to purify contaminated water in this study. The use of moringa seeds as natural adsorbent could be proposed for environmentally friendly, simplified water purification for rural communities in cost effective manner.
water quality analysis-inorganic chemistry
A Review on Brief Study on Heterocyclic Compound and Synthetic Route for the Synthesis of Pyrazole and Thiazole
A heterocyclic compound or ring structure is a cyclic compound that has atoms of at least two different elements as members of its ring(s). Heterocyclic chemistry is the branch of organic chemistry dealing with the synthesis, properties, and applications of these heterocycles. Examples of heterocyclic compounds include all of the nucleic acids, the majority of drugs, most biomass (cellulose and related materials), and many natural and synthetic dyes. This review briefly study on pyrazole and thiazole. Pyrazoles are a novel class of heterocyclic compounds possessing wide variety of application in the agrochemical and pharmaceutical industries. Thiazole is also such an important class of heterocyclic compounds which contains one sulfur atom. This review discuss only on synthetic route for pyrazole and thiazole heterocyclic compounds.
Synthesis, Characterization and Drug delivery Application of Poly (Safranine) based triblock copolymer
Synthesis, characterization and humidity sensor application of poly(safranin) (PSaf) was carried out under inert atmosphere. The monomer to initiator ratio [M0/I0] was maintained accurately at 100. In order to improve the molecular weight and processability it was block copolymerized with bio-compatible and bio-degradable ε-caprolactone (CL) and water-soluble tetrahydrofuran (THF) separately. Thus, the derived triblock copolymer was subjected to humidity sensor application and the results are viewed in broad approach and thus critically compared. The triblock were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Cyclic voltammetry, GPC analysis, FESEM analysis, conductivity and drug release study. The results achieved here in the present investigation were critically compared with the literature values.
This study is on the properties of nanocrystalline silver products and examines on the internal relation between silver and carbon particles. Nanocrystalline utilizes nanotechnology to release nanocrystalline silver crystals. Nanocrystalline releases 60 times fewer silver cations than silver–carbon interaction in between strongly. Silver impregnated fast releases dressings release minute concentrations of silver which are quickly bounds up by the chloride in the wound exudates. The silver and carbon ions are bounded in the crystalline the action of silver wounds exhibited in the higher level of panel. While extrapolations from in animal studies are cautious, evidence from these studies suggests nanocrystalline is effective against most common strains of wound pathogens. Can be used as protective covering over skin grafts and the protect from the burned skin. Quality human clinical trials into nanocrystalline silver–carbon are few. Further clinical research, preferably randomized controlled trials into nanocrystalline silver–carbon technology.
Molecular structure, Vibrational spectroscopic, HOMO, LUMO, NBO, and NLO studies of 4-Cyano-2-methoxybenzenesulfonyl chloride
The vibrational spectroscopic studies of 4-Cyano-2-methoxybenzenesulfonyl Chloride (4C2MBSC) were carried out. 4C2MBSC and its derivatives present in many biologically active compounds. The spectroscopic properties and chemical significance in particular, sulfonyl chloride and its derivatives have been studied extensively by spectroscopic (FTIR spectra) and theoretical methods. The infrared spectrum of this compound was recorded in condensed states. The molecular geometry, highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), first order hyperpolarizability and thermodynamic properties of 4C2MBSC have been computed with the help of density functional theory (B3LYP) and ab initio (HF) methods with the 6-311+G(d,p) basis set. The HOMO and LUMO energy gap explains the charge transfer interactions taking place within the molecule. NBO study explains charge delocalization of the molecule. The contributions of the different modes to each wave number were determined using potential energy distributions (PEDs). The experimental and calculated results were consistent with each other. The non-linear optical activity (NLO) values were calculated
4C2MBSC FTIR HOMO–LUMO NBO NLO First hyperpolarizability
Photochemical Bleaching of Textile Waste Water of Bhilwara (Rajasthan) by Photo Fenton Reagent
During the last decade, Bhilwara has developed into a leading place in the textile industry in the country. Bhilwara is the hub of textile industries in the state of Rajasthan and known as “Textile City”. Textile industry is one of the most water and chemical intensive industries worldwide. About 200–400 l of water is needed to produce 1 kg of textile fabric in textile factories. Textile industry involves processing or conversion of raw material/fabric into finished cloth involving various processes/operations and consumes large quantities of water and produces extremely polluted waste effluents. Textile effluent contains both inorganic and organic substances in dissolved, colloidal or suspended forms and is typically coloured due to the presence of residual dyestuffs. Hence various physical, chemical and biological methods are used for the treatment of textile wastewater depending upon its characteristics. For this study, textile waste water was bleached by the use of Fenton reagent (H2O2/Fe2+) with photochemical reactor in UV light. Cite this Article Meena KS, Kanta Meena. Photochemical Bleaching of Textile Waste Water of Bhilwara (Rajasthan) by Photo Fenton Reagent. Journal of Modern Chemistry & Chemical Technology. 2017; 8(3): 33–36p.
Corrosion Behaviour of CNT-Alumina Coated T22 Boiler Steel in Na2SO4-60% V2O5 Environment at 900°C Temperature
In this research work, carbon nanotubes reinforced Al2O3 coated ASME-SA213-T22 boiler tube steel was investigated for high temperature corrosion behaviour in molten salt environment at 900°C temperature. The coatings were deposited using plasma spray technique and NiCr was used as bond coat before applying CNTs-Al2O3 coatings. The thermogravimetric technique was used to establish kinetics of corrosion. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive x-ray analysis (SEM/EDAX) techniques were used to analyse the corrosion products. The CNTs reinforced alumina coatings enhance resistance to corrosion significantly.
Antifungal Activity of Zero-valent Iron Nanoparticles Synthesized by Green Protocols Using Camellia sinensis Extract against Pathogenic Aspergillus Species
Zero-valent iron nanoparticles with potential antifungal activity were synthesized following a green protocol using Camellia sinensis leaves extract. FeSO4.7H2O was reduced to black metallic iron by Camellia sinensis leaves extract. The green synthetic procedure without using any hazardous chemical reagents is hopeful which reduces the possibility of chemical pollution. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV/visible and fluorescence spectroscopies. The surface morphology, size, shape and particle distribution were studied using scanning electron (SEM) and transmission electron (TEM) microscopic techniques. We also performed antifungal studies of the synthesized nanoparticles against three aspergillus stains namely Aspegillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus by Muller- Hinton agar well diffusion method. Although the green synthesized iron nanoparticles showed considerable activity against all the three stains, the maximum activity was shown against A.flavus with a zone size of 11.67±1.63 mm and the least against A.fumigatus with a zone size of 6.67±0.81 mm. These results can assure that the antifungal activity of the iron nanoparticles synthesized by green methods is propitious, since they are biocompatible, less toxic and environment friendly. Cite this Article Sherin Philip, Sunny Kuriakose, Tessymol Mathew. Antifungal Activity of Zerovalent Iron Nanoparticles Synthesized by Green Protocols Using Camellia sinensis Extract Against Pathogenic Aspergillus Species. Journal of Modern Chemistry & Chemical Technology. 2017; 8(3): 40–45p.
Polymer Modifications (Grafting): Approach to Enhance Versatility of Natural/Renewable Polymeric Materials
Graft copolymers are branched copolymers containing a long chain of one monomer called preformed or backbone polymer and branches/grafts of long sequences of usually another monomer. A number of monomeric units can be grafted on the biopolymeric backbone by free radical graft copolymerization reaction using chemical free radical initiator to produce reactive sites on the backbone of biopolymer. The chemical combination of natural and synthetic polymers yields new materials which could have desirable properties. Grafting is one of the best polymer modification techniques to enhance the compatibility between natural and synthetic polymers. Water is used as a solvent in most of the grafting reactions, as many natural polymers are soluble in water. This review highlights different synthesis techniques, recent applications of chemically modified grafted polysaccharides/polypeptides and discusses the underlying mechanisms of grafting. Cite this Article Sweta Sinha. Polymer Modifications (Grafting): Approach to Enhance Versatility of Natural/Renewable Polymeric Materials. Journal of Modern Chemistry & Chemical Technology. 2017; 8(3): 24–32p.
Passive Capillary Flow of Aqueous Microparticle Suspensions in the Straight Microchannels fabricated by the Negative Photoresist SU-8
A group of microfluidic devices are fabricated by the SU-8 negative photoresist using the standard SU-8 processing techniques. The influences of effective viscosity, channel aspect ratio and surface wettability on the surface-driven capillary flow of aqueous microparticle suspensions are individually studied in straight microchannels. Nano-films of diamond like carbon (DLC) are used to vary the surface wettability on SU-8 based microchannel structures. The number densities of suspended polystyrene microparticles in the three individually prepared suspensions are 1×105 particles mL-1, 1×106 particles mL-1 and 1×107 particles mL-1. In this study, dyed water is used as control liquid. This experimental study may be useful to control working liquids in the microfluidic lab-on-a-chip systems. Cite this Article Subhadeep Mukhopadhyay. Passive Capillary Flow of Aqueous Microparticle Suspensions in the Straight Microchannels fabricated by the Negative Photoresist SU-8. Journal of Modern Chemistry & Chemical Technology. 2017; 8(3): 37–39p.