Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription or Fee Access

A Brief History of Psychoactive Substances Research: A KR-20 Formula-Based Case Study on the Chaotic Pyramid of Iraqi Scholars

Ahmed Mohammed-Lutfi Al-Imam

Abstract


Following the American invasion in 2003, Iraq changed radically in terms of politics, religious beliefs, ethnographic and populational topography. Post-Saddam, Iraq witnessed unprecedented levels of organized crime, terrorism, and the widespread pragmatic persecution and assassination of Iraqi scientists and academic scholars, in addition to the illegal commerce of addictive and psychoactive substances. Iraq became an abductee of the worst scenario in the unstable Middle East where we observed military conflicts, civil wars promoted by militias and political parties, organized crime and terrorist activities, economic crisis, and widespread corruption at all levels of the governmental institutes, including scientific organizations. Hence, the future of Iraq is still uncertain or perhaps gloomy. Nonetheless, we invite academics and professionals specialized in managing disaster situations to bring our attention and to provide insightful opinions, including large-scale rescue plans for a radical change to support a bright future of our country, the modern Mesopotamia.

Keywords: Biomedical Research; developing countries; evidence-based medicine; internal consistency; Kuder–Richardson Formula 20, medical education; neurosciences; psychoactive substances; research metrics


Full Text:

PDF

References


Liechti ME. Novel psychoactive substances (designer drugs): overview and pharmacology of modulators of monoamine signalling. Swiss Medical Weekly. 2015;145:w14043.

Schifano F, Orsolini L, Duccio Papanti G, Corkery JM. Novel psychoactive substances of interest for psychiatry. World Psychiatry. 2015;14(1):15-26.

Al-Imam A. Monitoring and Analysis of Novel Psychoactive Substances in Trends Databases, Surface Web and the Deep Web, with Special Interest and Geo-Mapping of the Middle East. info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis [dissertation on the Internet]. United Kingdom: University of Hertfordshire; 2017. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.27636.24961.

AL‐Imam A, Santacroce R, Roman‐Urrestarazu A, Chilcott R, Bersani G, Martinotti G, Corazza O. Captagon: use and trade in the Middle East. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental. 2017; 32(3):1-10

Liberman P, Skitka LJ. Revenge in US Public Support for War against Iraq. Public Opinion Quarterly. 2017; 81(3):636-60.

Catalani V, Prilutskaya M, Al-Imam A, Marrinan S, Elgharably Y, Zloh M, Martinotti G, Chilcott R, Corazza O. Octodrine: New Questions and Challenges in Sport Supplements. Brain Sciences. 2018; 8(2):1-13.

Tracy DK, Wood DM, Baumeister D. Novel psychoactive substances: types, mechanisms of action, and effects. The British Medical Journal. 2017 25;356:i6848.

Al-Imam A. 25b-NBOMe: A Case Report of Sudden Death and Insightful View of Google Trends Data. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. 2018; 12(1):e9870. DOI: 10.5812/ijpbs.9870.

Al-Imam A, Al-Mukhtar F, Shafiq A, Irfan M, Saleh MM. Knowledge and (Ab)Use in Connection with Novel Psychoactive Substances: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Iraqi Medical Students. Global Journal of Health Science. 2017; 9(11):61-70.

Al-Imam A, AbdulMajeed BA. NBOMe Compounds: Systematic Review and Data Crunching of the Surface Web. Global Journal of Health Science. 2017; 9(11):126-139.

Bedford D. Agnotology as a teaching tool: Learning climate science by studying misinformation. Journal of Geography. 2010; 109(4):159-65.

Croissant JL. Agnotology: Ignorance and absence or towards a sociology of things that aren’t there. Social Epistemology. 2014; 28(1):4-25.

Teo T. Agnotology in the dialectics of the history and philosophy of psychology. Theory & Psychology. 2013; 23(6):840-51.

Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. Evidence-based medicine. A new approach to teaching the practice of medicine. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1992; 268(17):2420.

Al Saffar H, Ghalib BA, Al Kateeb H, Al Mashahadani S, Al Yassin H, Sadee N, Al Nuaimy AS. Reviving the Curriculum: Challenges and Achievements, College of Medicine, Baghdad University. TOFIQ Journal of Medical Sciences. 2016; 3(2):26-36.

Katrak P, Bialocerkowski AE, Massy-Westropp N, Kumar VS, Grimmer KA. A systematic review of the content of critical appraisal tools. BMC Medical Research Methodology. 2004; 4(1):22.

Frequently Asked Questions: What Do Search Volume, CPC and Competition Mean?. Keywords Everywhere. https://keywordseverywhere.com/ (accessed the 15th of September 2019).

Van Reekum R, Streiner DL, Conn DK. Applying Bradford Hill’s criteria for causation to neuropsychiatry: challenges and opportunities. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2001;13(3):318-25.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.37591/.v10i2.2819

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


eISSN: 2231-0398